فتح دین گلکارؔ (۱۹۳۰ئ۔۱۸۶۵ئ) کا اصل نام فتح دین اور گلکار تخلص ہے۔ آپ پسرورمیں پیدا ہوئے۔ پسرور میں علمی و ادبی محفلوں میں شامل ہوتے رہے۔ عربی اردو اور فارسی پر عبور رکھتے تھے۔ اپنے دور کے پرگو شاعر تھے ان کا بہت سا کلام غیر مطبوعہ ہے جو مختلف شخصیات کے پاس بکھرا پڑا ہے۔ (۵۷)
ان کا بکھر ہوا کلام طبع کرنے کی ضرورت ہے۔ راقم الحروف ان کا غیر مطبوعہ کلام بازیافت نہیں کر سکاہے ۔ گلکار کا ۲۵۶ صفحات پر مشتمل ایک شعری مجموعہ ہے جو نایاب ہے۔ یہ مجموعہ غزلیات اور قصائد پر مشتمل ہے۔ میجر ہارٹ کی مدح میں ایک قصیدہ ہے جو ۱۸۸۹ء کا لکھا ہوا ہے۔ قصیدے کا مطلع اور مقطع ملاحظہ ہو:
جو کہ ماری مدح کا دم کیا تجھے امکان ہے
نارسا بیعقل کب تجھ سا کوئی نادان ہے
ٹائم آمد عیسوی گلکارؔ یوں ہاتف کیا
جیسے غیاثِ درد منداں حاتم دوران کیا (۵۸)
آپ کے غیر مطبوعہ اور مطبوعہ دیوان مناجات‘ حمدیہ قصائد اور غزلیات پر مشتمل ہیں۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
بسم اﷲ خاص منبع ہے سرقدیم کا
مژدہ ہے اس میں الرحمن الرحیم کا
حامد ہے کون حمد خدائے کریم کا
عالم ہے کون حضرت علم علیم کا
گلکارؔ کچھ خطر نہیں روزِ حساب کا
تقویٰ ہے تجھ کو رحمت رب الرحیم کا (۵۹)
Many assume that people who have grown up do not have the opportunity to memorize the Qur'an because of the difficulties that will be faced in the process of memorizing it rather than in childhood. This research aims to find out (1) the application of the takrir method in Ponpes Matholib As-Suluk. (2) factors that affect students' ability to memorize by takrir method, (3) the quality of memorization of the holy verse of the Qur'an using the takrir method. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods. Through the technique of interviewing, observation and documentation studies, several findings were obtained: (1) the application of the takrir method in Ponpes Matholib As-Suluk was applied through the repetition of santri memorization in four ways: individual takrir, collective takrir with friends, takrir with teachers, and takrir at prayer time; (2) there are 2 factors that affect the application of takrir methods: internal (santri mood) and external factors (pesantren environmental support); and (3) the application of this method succeeded in improving the quality of santri memorization because the students were able to improve their memorization quite quickly and they were also able to reread verses and surahs that had been memorized quite smoothly.
This dissertation presents the effect of terbium substitution on the structural, magnetic, electrical and dielectric properties of ferrites of nominal compositions Ni1−xTbxFe2O4 and Mg1-xTbxFe2O4 (where x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 and 0.20). The samples were initially sintered at 1000 °C and final sintering was performed at 1230 °C in order to prepare homogeneous ferrites. The said ferrites were characterized by X-ray Diffractometry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Vibrating Sample Magnetometery and Ferromagnetic Resonance. Phase analysis from XRD patterns reveals that the samples have a cubic spinel structure along with a few traces of second phase recognized as orthorhombic phase (TbFeO3) and this phase becomes more conspicuous as the terbium (Tb) is substituted in Ni1−xTbxFe2O4 and Mg1- xTbxFe2O4 ferrites. The lattice parameter changes non-linearly as a function of Tb content in both series that was attributed to the differences in ionic radii of the cations involved and the solubility limit of terbium ions. A gradual increase in the bulk density was observed with the increase of terbium concentration in both series. FTIR absorption spectra of Ni1−xTbxFe2O4 and Mg1- xTbxFe2O4 ferrites exhibited two main absorption bands in the wave number range 370 cm-1 to 1500 cm-1, thereby confirming the spinel structure. The particle size measured from XRD analysis found to decrease with the increase of Tb substitution. The morphology of the samples indicates that samples are crack free along with a few agglomerates. The inclusion of Tb caused the magnetization index to drop which is due to redistribution of cations on the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The coercivity is observed to decrease and this trend is deviated at higher concentrations of terbium ions in Ni1−xTbxFe2O4 and Mg1-xTbxFe2O4 ferrites. Ferromagnetic resonance linewidths are ≤ 1000 Oe for most of the samples. The nominal composition Ni.94Tb.06Fe2O4 have minimum linewidth, ΔH = 593 Oe, which is minimum of the reported linewidths for spinel ferrites. Hence these ferrites have potential in high frequency applications. The relative initial permeability generally decreases for all the Tb-substituted samples and these are attributed to the decrease in magnetization. The magnetic loss factor is damped with respect to frequency and has very low values in the high frequency region. The electrical resistivity increases and it is attributed to the hinderence in the hopping mechanism caused by the presence of Tb-ions in these ferrites which enhance hopping length between the cations involved in the conduction mechanism. The study on resistivity as a function of temperature shows that all the samples obey semiconducting behaviour. The drift mobility drops while the activation energy increases in a similar manner as that of resistivity. The samples NiFe2O4 and MgFe2O4 have high dielectric constant as compared to the substituted samples. Hence, introduction of Tb-ions in Ni1−xTbxFe2O4 and Mg1-xTbxFe2O4 decrease the dielectric constant. All the substituted samples indicate small values of dielectric loss. These features make these ferrites suitable for various applications.