This thesis is a comparative study of Sultan Bahu’s poetry and the works of five Persian poets including Nezami Ganjvi, Maulana Jalal ud Din Muhammad Balkhi, Sa’adi Sherazi, Hafez Sherazi and Maulana Abdul Rehman Jami. Sultan Bahu is condidered among the legends of Pujnabi Literature and he is a Persian Poet as well. Similarly the above said Persian poets are considered among the legends of Persian literature. All these great poets got utmost importance due to their significant thoughts and artistic way of thinking. To many critics all the above mentioned Persian poets are included among the greatest poets in the history of world literature. Undoubtedly, they touched the mythological heights of Persian language hundreds of years ago and wrote such sweet verses that a large number of the poets and writers, who came after them could never avoid their influence. Although the Punjabi language is not much closer to Persian language in many ways but the influence of Persian language and poetry cannot be ignored at any cost. Although Sultan Bahu is considered among the most famous poets of Punjabi but he is more famous as a Sufi and Mystic. Under the influence of Persian language and literature, he also wrote many books in Persian and he is a good Persian poet as well. All of the said Persian poets are the most famous poets. Both many orientlists and literary critics from Asia & Europe have already analyzed their art and thoughts. Hundreds of books have been written about their style, theme, thoughts and artistic approach and they are considered among well known personalities at international stage. But Sultan Bahu despite having written miraculous verses is still not famous at international level. Although Sultan Bahu and the said Persian poets have common features, all of these are Sufis and true followers of Islam and are called the “Sufi Poets” also, yet European and Iranian Scholars have yet to pay attention to Sultan Bahu’s sweet poetry. In this thesis I have tried to scientifically analyzed the poetry of this great poet and moreover to compare it with the art and thoughts of the said great Persian poets. By pointing out the resemblance and similarity in the poetry of Sultan Bahu and said five Persian poets, this thesis will open new scenarios for teachers, students and lovers of Persian and Punjabi poetry
فصل دوم: قوانین حدود وقصاص کی عملی تنفیذ میں نظام قضاء کا کردار قوانین حدود وقصاص کے اسلامی ضابطوں کی کماحقہ پاسداری کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ ریاست کی عدلیہ، اسلام کے فراہم کر دہ نظام عدل کی بنیا د پر استوار کی گئی ہواور قاضی کے نصب و عزل، مقدمہ کی سماعت ، فیصلے کی شرائط، قانون شہادت ، پولیس کا مدعی اور مدعاعلیہ کے ساتھ تعاون اور دیگر عدالتی کاروائی میں شرعی اصولوں کو پوری طرح ملحوظ رکھا گیا ہو۔ اگر ریا ست کی عدلیہ اسلامی نظام عدل کے بنیا دی تقاضوں کو پورا نہیں کر رہی تو یہ حدودو قصاص کے نفاذ میں ایک بہت بڑی رکاوٹ ہے جس کی موجودگی میں ایک مجرم کو شرعی سزا قطعاً نہیں دی جا سکتی، مثلاً منصف اگر عہدہ قضا پر متمکن ہونے کا اہل نہیں ہے یا اس میں قاضی بننے کی بنیادی اہلیت ہی مفقود ہے یا اس نے صرف ایک ہی فریق کا دعوٰی سنا ہے یا اس نے ہنگامی حالات میں فیصلہ سنایا ہے یا پولیس جھوٹی مثلیں لکھتی ہے یا لکھنے کے بعد تبدیل کردیتی ہے یا اس قسم کے دیگرعوارض میں مبتلاہے، تو نہ اس کے منصب کا لحاظ ہو گا اور نہ ہی اس کے فیصلے کی کوئی وقعت۔ اسلام کے عدالتی نظام کے بارے میں قرآن و حدیث سےجو تعلیمات مقتدر طبقہ کو ملتی ہیں ، وہ رہتی دنیا تک کے لیے مشعلِ راہ ہیں۔ اس سلسلے میں بنیادی تعلیم یہ ہے کہ فیصلے ایسے عدل سے کیے جائیں جو حسین اور خوبصورت ہو، جیسا کہ ارشاد ربانی ہے ﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ۔ ﴾ 361 "اللہ تعالیٰ عدل اور احسان کا حکم دیتے ہیں ۔ " لفظ احسان کا مادہ حسن سے ہے جس کے معنی خوبصورتی کے ہیں ، اسلامی ریاست کی یہ ذمہ داری ہے کہ...
Hoarding is considered (Ihtikar) very abhorring and objectionable. It is the practice of keeping something in store and not bringing the same to the market so that prices may rise owing to this artificial dearth of supply in the market. Each religion of the world has agriculture rules. In these, rules about Hoarding play an important role. In non Semitic religions Hinduism is the largest religion of the world. Similarly in Semitic religions Islam is the second and Judaism is considered in third stage. All these three religions and there followers have good relation with agriculture. But among this, Islamic rules considers one of the best rules in the world. Because Hinduism agriculture rules affected by cast system and the other side Judaism rules is affected by customs and traditions. But still there are some points on which Hinduism, Judaism and Islam are completely supporting each others. Hoarding rules is one of them. This paper is consisting on hoarding rules in Hinduism, Judaism and Islam.
In this thesis, we discuss the dynamical stability of charged compact objects with the help of some mathematical models. For this purpose, we have selected three different models of charged compact objects to discuss the possible occurrence of cracking under different conditions. In first selected model, we discuss charged anisotropic compact objects with a linear equation of state. In second model, we study anisotropic charged compact object PSR J1614-2230 in quadratic regime, while in third model, we study charged compact stars corresponding to embedded class one metric with perfect inner fluid distribution. We investigate the impact of electromagnetic field on the stability regions of charged self-gravitating compact objects by using the concept of cracking. For this, we have applied local density perturbation scheme to the hydrostatic equilibrium equation as well as on physical parameters involved in the model. In particular, we have examined the cracking of charged compact objects (a) PSR J1614-2230, PSR J1903+327, Vela X-1, SMC X-1 and Cen X-3 with linear equation of state (b) PSR J1614-2230 with quadratic equation of state (c) Her X-1, PSR 1937+21, PSR J1614-2230, PSR J0348+0432 and RX J1856-37 corresponding to embedded class one metric. We conclude that these objects exhibit cracking and stability regions decreases with the increase of charge. We also extend two conventional polytropic equations of state to generalized polytropic equations of state for spherical and cylindrical symmetries in the context of general relativity. For this purpose, we formulate the general framework to discuss the physical properties of spherical and cylindrical polytropes with charged anisotropic inner fluid distribution under conformally flat condition. We investigate the stability of generalized polytropic models through Tolman-mass and Whittaker formula for spherical and cylindrical symmetries respectively. We also discuss the possible occurrence of cracking in charged anisotropic polytropes developed under the assumption of generalized polytropic equation of state in two different ways (i) by carrying out local density perturbation under conformally flat condition (ii) by parametric perturbations. We conclud that one of the generalized polytropic equations of state results into a physically viable model and cracking appears for a specific range of density and model parameters.