الفكر السياسي الإسلامي وتطوره من الشورى إلى الديمقراطية

There has been a tussle going on between Islam and democracy for many decades in the Muslim world which has benefited most certainly the anarchic factions like kings, lords and army dictators. Though democracy is close to Islam and thought to be the best of all types of governments as majority is authority in it that may make or mar the government. In a democratic setup, the individual and personal rights and freedom are considered which is why it is preferred more these days. Many as Muslim thinkers are also in favor of it, but still there is a large faction of clerical scholars who deem democracy as the root of all evils since it empowers general public as an authoritative and decisive force. However with the passage of time, the Islamic counseling system has evolved and come very close to the spirit of democracy. Therefore, may contemporary scholars hold Islamic counseling and democracy almost similar. This article aims to present a preview of democracy and counseling in the light of what the Ulema (Scholars) say about it.

Exploring Relationship of Language, Culture and Interpretive Frames in Pakistani English Texts

Exploring Relationship of Language, Culture and Interpretive Frames in Pakistani English Texts This qualitative research explores the relationship of Language, Culture and Interpretive Frames in Pakistani Texts from an indigenous perspective. This relationship is explored in the texts of Pakistani English novels, The Reluctant Fundamentalist and The Unchosen by Mohsin Hamid and Riaz Hassan respectively. The study is carried out with the perspective that every society has its indigenous cultural values, belief system, ways of knowing and doing things, and a way of understanding life. This understanding of the world around is developed solely by the cultural resources present within that society and the cultural reflection is then clearly visible by the linguistic practices of the members of that community. The theoretical perspective of the study of language in the backdrop of cultural frames of reference is developed with the help of Michal Agar's proposed model which says that "frames provide a context in terms of which an expression makes sense, knowledge in terms of which the expression can be discussed, and links in terms of which the poetic echoes can be made explicit". In this context the area of interrelated expectations is explored whereby language expression brings forth for making sense of the texts. The study follows the slogan 'think practically and look logically.' It discusses the intricate relationship of language and culture with specific reference to the interpretive frames. The texts are analyzed with a cultural lens provided by indigenous/native perspective. For this purpose a research technique of Introspection is used within the paradigm of Ethnographic research. Different extracts have been selected from the novels and their respective interpretive frames are explored and developed for meaning making process.