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Home > Dysfunctional Schema Modes and Comorbidity of Psychiatric Symptoms in Individuals With Epilepsy: An Exploratory Study

Dysfunctional Schema Modes and Comorbidity of Psychiatric Symptoms in Individuals With Epilepsy: An Exploratory Study

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Shafique, Nadia

Supervisor

Muhammad Tahir Khalily

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Philosophy & psychology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9200/1/NADIA%20SHAFIQUE%20PhD%20Thesis.docx%20Internal.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725302448

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The current research purported to examine the association between dysfunctional schema modes and comorbidity of psychiatric symptoms in Individuals with Epilepsy. To meet the objectives, the research comprised of three studies. In study-1, the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, Lipman, & Covi, 1973) a multidimensional screening tool of nine primary symptoms including somatization (SOM), obsessive-compulsive (OCD), interpersonal sensitivity (INT), depression (DEP), anxiety (ANX), hostility (HOS), phobic (PHOB), paranoid ideation (PAR), and psychoticism (PSY) were translated and validated in Urdu in three phases. In phase 1, the scale was translated by using the forward and back translation method. While in phase II, the psychometric properties for SCL-90 were established on the purposive sample of N=367 university students with age (M= 21.46, SD=2.08) ranged from 18 to 30 years. The Cronbach alpha coefficients of all the subscales and overall scale were satisfactory ranged from .71 to .98. Moreover, the Confirmatory Factor analysis determined that each subscale of the SCL-90 had shown the acceptable goodness of fit index (GFI) ranging from .96 to .99 and all items were found inter-correlated. The concurrent validity of SCL-90 specified the significant correlation with the subscales of Urdu Version of Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI; Mirza, 1977), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; Zafar, 2014). In phase III, the comparison was made on the sample of 100 individuals with psychiatric disorders and 100 were healthy matched based on gender and age. Results showed that individual with psychiatric problems significantly scored high on all the subscales of SCL-90 as compared to the healthy individuals. The study-II aimed to find the association between the broad arrays of dysfunctional schema modes and psychiatric symptoms in individuals with epilepsy. Furthermore, the effect of various demographics and clinical variables on dysfunctional modes and psychiatric symptoms were examined. A total of 108 people with epilepsy (PWE) mean age (M=24.91, SD=7.42) ranged from 18 to 60 years recruited from the neurology ward of hospitals located in Islamabad and Rawalpindi through purposive sampling technique. A brief history of illness and other demographics were taken through the semi-structured interview accompanied with the Schema Mode Inventory, and the SCL-90 from the respondents. Regression analyses showed that Detached Protector, punishing parent and Vulnerable child significantly predicted DEP, ANX, HOST, INT, PHOB, PAR, PSY, OCD, and SOM. Whereas Angry protector was the significant predictor of DEP, ANX, INT, and HOS. The Angry child was found to be the only predictor of OCD, and the Compliant surrender was the inverse predictor of HOS. Moreover, the Enraged child significantly predicted HOS and OCD whereas Bully and Attack predicted PHOB. A One-way variance analysis revealed significant differences between the lower, middle and upper socio-economic classes on Dysfunctional Modes. The lower class had significantly utilized the modes detached protector, bully, and attack, angry protector, angry child, enraged child, impulsive child, undisciplined child and punishing the parent. However, Hostility was found in the lower class as compared to upper or middle classes. Moreover, gender differences indicated that males had significantly higher means of Self-aggrandizer, Bully and Attack, Impulsive child and Undisciplined child. Additionally, duration of epilepsy had significantly moderated the relationship between dysfunctional child modes and hostility. The mode graph showed that hostility increases in the acute stage of epilepsy. In addition, during the semi-structured interview, the questions regarding attitude and self-disclosure were asked. 84 (77.8%) PWE developed a fear of having a seizure, whereas (67.6%) could not share their illness with others and did not inform about their disease at the workplace due to stigmatization. In Study-III, the comparison was made between two groups matched on the basis of Age, Gender, and Education. Both groups consisted of 60 individuals with and without epilepsy. T-test analysis revealed that PWE significantly had high scores on Enraged Child and low scores on Adaptive modes. The present study is significantly contributing to the Neuropsychology which is the most neglected part of the research field in Pakistan.
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اقتدار اور اسیری

اقتدار اور اسیری

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید نے صرف چار سال اور بیس دن سیاست جبکہ پانچ سال ،چھ ماہ اور پندرہ دن حکومت کی جس کے بعد پھانسی کی سزا ہوئی ۔تحریک ،قتدار اور اسیری کا یہ  کل دورانیہ بارہ سال اور پانچ دن ہے ۔نواز شریف کو سیاست میں تیس برس گزر چکے ہیں ۔مولانا فضل الرحمن کو سینتیسواں سال ہے اور عمران نیازی کو بائیس سال ۔

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید کو پھانسی دینے والے ڈکٹیٹر کو بھی قتدار کے گیارہ سال ایک ماہ اور بارہ دن ملے مگر ان میں سے کوئی بھی ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید کا متبادل نہ بن سکا ۔اب یہ بھٹو کا کرشمہ ہے  یا بھرپور طاقت اور وقت ملنے کے باوجود متبادل بننے کی کوشش کرنے والے لیڈروں کی نااہلی کہ بھٹو زندہ ہے ۔

دنیا کی تاریخ میں بہت کم ایسے لیڈر ہیں جنہوں نے اتنے گہرے اثرات مرتب کیے ہیں ۔ایسا صرف مذہبی تحریکوں میں ممکن ہوا ہے یا بھٹو نے ممکن کر دکھایا ہے ۔بھٹو ضدی تھا ۔اسے جب تک تسلیم نہیں کیا جائے گا اور وہ اپنی جنگ جیت یگا ۔کہیں لکھ کر رکھ لیں وہ مرنے والا نہیں ۔ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید نے کہا تھا کہ آخری قہقہہ عوام کا ہو گا ۔

مجھے لگتا ہے کہ پاکستان کے عوام ادھر وہ قہقہہ لگائیں گے اور ادھر بھٹو آنکھ مار کر مر جائے گا ۔ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید صرف پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی پراپرٹی نہیں ہے بلکہ یہ پاکستان کی پراپرٹی بھی ہے ۔وہ ہمارا منتخب وزیر اعظم تھا ۔ہمیں دوسرے خطوں سے ہیروز امپورٹ کر نے پڑتے ہیں ۔بھٹو ہمار ا وہ مقامی ہیرو ہے جسے ہم دنیا میں ایکسپورٹ کرتے ہیں ۔

اٹل بہارئی واجپائی بھی...

EFFECTS OF RELAXING MUSIC THERAPY ALONG WITH TASK-ORIENTED TRAINING OF LOWER LIMB ON BALANCE AND FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC STROKE: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Background of the Study: To compare the effects of relaxing music therapy with task-oriented training of lower limbs on the balance and functional status in patients with chronic stroke. Methodology: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in three outpatient physiotherapy clinics in Lahore, Pakistan. A sample of 76 participants with chronic stroke, aged 40-60 years, and on assistance walking, were recruited through a purposive sampling technique. Individuals who had physical impairments and visual or hearing deficits were not included in the study. Group A received task-oriented training with routine physical therapy while Group B received Music therapy additionally. Three sessions on alternate days per week for eight weeks were given. Balance and functional independence were the outcome variables measured using the Berg Balance Scale and Functional Independence Measure respectively. Mann-Whitney U test and Friedman ANOVA were applied for between-group and within-group differences respectively. P-value was significant at ≤0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 54.05 ± 3.64 years, the majority i.e., 55 (72.4%) were male, 46 (60.5%) had ischemic stroke and 53 (69.7%) were presented with left-sided weakness. A statistically significant difference was observed among both groups in balance (p =.000) and functional independence (p=0.000). The within-group difference was also significant for balance (p=0.000) and functional independence (p=0.000). Conclusion: The integration of relaxing music therapy, task-oriented training, and routine physiotherapy is effective in improving balance and functional independence in chronic stroke patients.

Optical Interconnects in Data Center Networks

Optical Interconnects in Data Center Networks Emerging cloud computing and web-based applications have created a need for powerful data centers. Optical interconnects are replacing the electrical counterparts due to their benefits. Electrical interconnects have various problems like energy consumption, fixed throughput, and limited reconfigurability. The thesis evaluates various optical interconnects in literature and analyzes various aspects of optical interconnects in data center networks. The conclusions of various analyses are used to propose architectures which give several advantages over existing architectures. Main contributions of the thesis are twofold, one: analysis of existing architectures is carried out for the first time in terms of blocking probability, signal degradation, port count, computational complexity of routing algorithm and input and output queueing analysis and two: four new architectures are presented that give benefits of very low packet loss, large port count, reduce computational complexity regardless of port count and contention less behavior under various traffic patterns. The blocking probability analysis involves the analysis of the effect of multiplexing techniques and optical components. The signal degradation analysis involves the analysis of various optical components which affect the signal degradation and ways to overcome signal degradation have been identified. The port count analysis involves the analysis of the limitations of port count of different architectures based on optical components and multiplexing techniques. The computational complexity analysis involves the analysis of the complexity of routing algorithms of the architectures. Various architectures are proposed based on the analysis of existing architectures. The input and output queueing analysis of the existing architectures and proposed architectures is performed by changing the size of the output queue buffer. The affect of the output queue buffer size is analyzed on delay and throughput by changing the load for the architectures. Maximum throughput is also analyzed by changing the buffer size of output queue. The input and output queueing models of architectures are also analyzed by simulation. A contention less architecture is proposed which can reduce contention under various traffic patterns. It exploits optical wavelength, code and space multiplexing. It eliminates the need for electronic buffering, which reduces the latency. It is robust to all-to-one and many-to-many communication traffic patterns. A very low packet loss architecture is proposed. This architecture can show a certain guaranteed data rate between communicating servers. This architecture is flexible and can be made suitable for a broad range of data center applications, by configuring it. An architecture with very large port count is presented. This architecture has large port count compared to other architectures. This architecture also has low energy consumption due to use of passive optical components. It is suitable for large scale data center networks. It is also discussed how various optical components and multiplexing techniques affect the overall port count of optical interconnects. An architecture with low computational complexity of routing algorithm is proposed. If a control algorithm is more complex it requires more hardware for implementation which causes increase in latency, increase in cost and increased difficulty in implementation. The computational complexity of proposed architecture is not affected by the number of nodes. This architecture is suitable for low latency and real time applications. This architecture exploits three dimensions of multiplexing namely; the optical wavelength division multiplexing, optical code division multiplexing, and optical space division multiplexing.