The current research purported to examine the association between dysfunctional schema modes and comorbidity of psychiatric symptoms in Individuals with Epilepsy. To meet the objectives, the research comprised of three studies. In study-1, the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90; Derogatis, Lipman, & Covi, 1973) a multidimensional screening tool of nine primary symptoms including somatization (SOM), obsessive-compulsive (OCD), interpersonal sensitivity (INT), depression (DEP), anxiety (ANX), hostility (HOS), phobic (PHOB), paranoid ideation (PAR), and psychoticism (PSY) were translated and validated in Urdu in three phases. In phase 1, the scale was translated by using the forward and back translation method. While in phase II, the psychometric properties for SCL-90 were established on the purposive sample of N=367 university students with age (M= 21.46, SD=2.08) ranged from 18 to 30 years. The Cronbach alpha coefficients of all the subscales and overall scale were satisfactory ranged from .71 to .98. Moreover, the Confirmatory Factor analysis determined that each subscale of the SCL-90 had shown the acceptable goodness of fit index (GFI) ranging from .96 to .99 and all items were found inter-correlated. The concurrent validity of SCL-90 specified the significant correlation with the subscales of Urdu Version of Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI; Mirza, 1977), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; Zafar, 2014). In phase III, the comparison was made on the sample of 100 individuals with psychiatric disorders and 100 were healthy matched based on gender and age. Results showed that individual with psychiatric problems significantly scored high on all the subscales of SCL-90 as compared to the healthy individuals. The study-II aimed to find the association between the broad arrays of dysfunctional schema modes and psychiatric symptoms in individuals with epilepsy. Furthermore, the effect of various demographics and clinical variables on dysfunctional modes and psychiatric symptoms were examined. A total of 108 people with epilepsy (PWE) mean age (M=24.91, SD=7.42) ranged from 18 to 60 years recruited from the neurology ward of hospitals located in Islamabad and Rawalpindi through purposive sampling technique. A brief history of illness and other demographics were taken through the semi-structured interview accompanied with the Schema Mode Inventory, and the SCL-90 from the respondents. Regression analyses showed that Detached Protector, punishing parent and Vulnerable child significantly predicted DEP, ANX, HOST, INT, PHOB, PAR, PSY, OCD, and SOM. Whereas Angry protector was the significant predictor of DEP, ANX, INT, and HOS. The Angry child was found to be the only predictor of OCD, and the Compliant surrender was the inverse predictor of HOS. Moreover, the Enraged child significantly predicted HOS and OCD whereas Bully and Attack predicted PHOB. A One-way variance analysis revealed significant differences between the lower, middle and upper socio-economic classes on Dysfunctional Modes. The lower class had significantly utilized the modes detached protector, bully, and attack, angry protector, angry child, enraged child, impulsive child, undisciplined child and punishing the parent. However, Hostility was found in the lower class as compared to upper or middle classes. Moreover, gender differences indicated that males had significantly higher means of Self-aggrandizer, Bully and Attack, Impulsive child and Undisciplined child. Additionally, duration of epilepsy had significantly moderated the relationship between dysfunctional child modes and hostility. The mode graph showed that hostility increases in the acute stage of epilepsy. In addition, during the semi-structured interview, the questions regarding attitude and self-disclosure were asked. 84 (77.8%) PWE developed a fear of having a seizure, whereas (67.6%) could not share their illness with others and did not inform about their disease at the workplace due to stigmatization. In Study-III, the comparison was made between two groups matched on the basis of Age, Gender, and Education. Both groups consisted of 60 individuals with and without epilepsy. T-test analysis revealed that PWE significantly had high scores on Enraged Child and low scores on Adaptive modes. The present study is significantly contributing to the Neuropsychology which is the most neglected part of the research field in Pakistan.
ڈاکٹر خواجہ عبدالحمید عرفانی (۱۹۰۷ء۔۱۹۹۰ء) کا اقبال شناسوں میں اہم مقام و مرتبہ ہے نہ صرف سیالکوٹ میں بلکہ عالمی سطح پر اقبال شناسی کی روایت میں خواجہ عرفانی ایک اہم نام ہے۔ اقبال کو ایران میں متعارف کرانے کا سہرا خواجہ عرفانی کے سر جاتا ہے۔ عرفانی صاحب کی ادبی خدمات بے پایاں ہیں مگر ہمیں یہاں صرف عبدالحمید عرفانی کی اقبال شناسی کا جائزہ لینا ہے۔ اقبال کو ایران میں متعارف کرانے کے لیے ’’رومی عصر‘‘ جیسی مدلل کتاب، پاکستان میں جنم لینے والی مشہور عشقیہ داستانوں کو ’’داستان پائے عشق پاکستان‘‘ کے نام سے ایرانیوں کے لیے ’’ضربِ کلیم‘‘ کا فارسی ترجمہ لکھنا اور عبدالحمید عرفانی کی بے پایاں محنت اور اقبال سے محبت کی غماز ہیں۔ خواجہ عبدالحمید عرفانی نے علامہ اقبال پر ’’اقبال ایرانیوں کی نظر میں‘‘ ،’’اقبالِ ایران‘‘ اور ’’پیامِ اقبال‘‘تین کتابیں لکھی ہیں۔
’’اقبال ایرانیوں کی نظر میں ‘‘ میں یہ واضح کرنے کی کوشش کی گئی ہے کہ اقبال سے آشنا ہونے کے بعد اہلِ علم ایرانیوں کی اقبال کے بارے میں رائے اپنے بزرگ شعرا جیسی تھی۔ اور وہ اقبال کو حافظ ،جامی ،سعدی اور رومی کی صف میں شمار کرنے لگے تھے۔ ’’اقبال ایران‘‘ میں عرفانی نے اپنے قیام ایران کے دوران اقبال کو ایران میں متعارف کرانے کی جدوجہد، ایرانیوں کی اقبال سے آشنائی اور ایرانیوں کی اقبال اور پاکستان سے محبت کا اظہار کرنے کا تذکرہ کیا ہے۔ ’’پیامِ اقبال‘‘ میں عرفانی صاحب نے طلبا کی سہولت کے لیے اقبال کے پیغام کا خلاصہ چند صفحات میں پیش کیا ہے۔ اقبال کو ایران میں متعارف کرانا کوئی آسان کام نہ تھا۔ اس دوران عرفانی...
The word "Ikhthilaf" refers to such an approach and way of conversation in which one scholar disagrees with another scholar. Islam being a perfect religion bars its followers from developing mutual conflicts. Islam has clearly stated that Muslim Ummah should not have differences on the basis of opinions in vivid injunctions. Such dissension has been placed nowhere in Islam. Disputes may only arise in case of secondary and vague injunctions. In such situations, each jurist considers himself as right. Such divergence, in the secondary issues based on argumentation and within the ambit of Qur’ān and Ḥadith, is not contemptible one but is the source of blessings due to the depth of knowledge of the jurists. Because of such conflicting opinions, jurisprudence and religious injunctions have the power of adaptability in accordance with the demands of the changing times. In the matters of jurisprudence, establishing consensus on the basis of argumentation must not lead to sectarianism, prejudice and hatred. True jurists have tried their level best to protect Muslim Ummah from sectarian disputes. Among such jurists we have Allama Alusī, the author of Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī, as one big contributor. Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī is the solid proof of his authentic and deep knowledge. It has a combination of reported sayings and exegesis of consents.
The advent of portable smart devices like smart phones, digital cameras, personal digital assistants and tablets resulted in emanation of immense visual data that people wish to view and share among each other. But the small screen of such devices poses a limitation on sharing of visual contents. However, the pervasive technology of handheld or pico projectors overcome this limitation of content sharing by allowing projection of media content on a shared medium. Traditional projection environments make use of projectors in conjunction with custom-built projection screens. Such scenarios typically employ a static setting and thus projectors and projection surfaces are immobile. However, with the availability of pocket-able pico-projectors, the mode of usage of such hand-held projection devices is evolving. Users are now using such devices to project in random environments that may be cluttered and not built for projection. This poses a serious challenge since the entire surface may not be suitable for projection. The users have to search for a suitable surface on which the projection is to be made. This sometimes requires the physical movement of the arm or the person itself to have a confined projection over the surface. Therefore, there is a need to develop a system that will enable pico-projector users to automatically restrict the projection content within a suitable surface in casual indoor settings. The relevant schemes for traditional projectors are not applicable in the context of pico projectors because pico projectors have low resolution and luminosity values. To the best of my knowledge this research is the first work in the field of camera-projector systems aiming to the select the suitable surface for projection and then confining the projection to the selected surface using a binary coded pattern. In particular, there are the following major contributions of this work: Firstly, a novel scheme that allows the projection system to be intelligent enough to confine the projection on a suitable surface that falls within the projector’s field of view. The projection confinement on a suitable surface is performed in two major steps; selecting a suitable surface for projection that lie within the camera-projector view and then confining the projection on a selected surface through homography estimation using the binary coded pattern. For the initial phase, the color image segmentation is performed for the selection of the appropriate surface for projection. The homogenous color segment that is larger in size is selected as a candidate surface for projection. The next step is to confine the projection over the selected surface or the subregion of a surface through homography estimation using binary coded pattern. Secondly, development of a binary coded pattern which enables reliable selection of projection surface by avoiding clutter in the projected area. The developed binary coded pattern outperforms the existing binary coded patterns for the scenario of low resolution cameraprojector pair and hence is particularly suited for pico-projectors that have low resolution and luminosity values. Experiments confirm that the proposed pattern is more immune to detection errors as compared to the state of the art binary coded patterns in the context of mobile grade low resolution pico projectors. A formative study has also been conducted to get an insight regarding the user centric attributes for projection surface selection through a survey based approach. The respondents were asked about the five parameters related to the projection surface that comprises of two attributes each. These attributes are related to the surface size, color, reflectance property, geometry and texture. The simple statistical analysis of the gathered data reveal that users preferred the planar large surfaces for projection that are of the bright color and matte and textureless in nature. Weights are assigned to the surface attributes as suggested by the respondents in the order of (from high to low); size, color, texture, reflectance property and geometry of the surface.