المقدمة
الحمد ﷲ رب العالمین، رب الرحمۃ والمغفرۃ، والصلاۃ والسلام علی أشرف الأنبیاء والمرسلین سیدنا وحبیبنا محمد وعلیٰ آلہ وأصحابہ أجمعین وبعد:
لقد قسمت ھذا البحث إلی أربعۃ أبواب، وکل باب یحتوي علی فصلین، ثم قسمت الفصول إلی مباحث۔
الباب الأول: المقارنة بين عصر نازک الملائكة وعصر بروين شاکر . وكتبت عن الأدب المقارن بشكل مختصر جداً وماالفرق بين الموازنة و المقارنة .
وقسمت ھذا الباب إلی فصلین،
الفصل الأول: ماهو الأدب المقارن؟
وفي ھذا الفصل تحدثتُ عن تعريف الأدب المقارن وما هو الموازنة والمقارنة؟، وبدایۃ الشعر الحر، وحقیقۃ الشعر الحر، وھل الشعر الحر نوع من النثر؟ ھل کانت حرکۃ الشعر الحر قویۃ أم لا؟ ثم تحدثت عن بعض شعراء وشاعرات العصر الجديد وأعطيتُ نُبذة مختصرة عنهم ، واتفاق الشعراء حول نازک الملائکۃ ومکانۃ نازک الملائکۃ بین الشاعرات (النساء) في عصرھا۔
والفصل الثاني: الشعر الجدید في شبہ القارۃ الھندیۃ۔
وتکلمت في ھذا الفصل عن الأدب النسائي، والشاعرات الباکستانیات في اللغات المختلفۃ ثم الأدب النسائي في اللغۃ الأردیۃ وأھم الشاعرات بعد توحید الباکستان۔ ثم الأدب النسائي والعھد الحاضر وتکلمت عن الغزل وبروین شاکر وأعطیت نبذۃ بسیطہ عن بعض أشھر شعراء العصر الجدید۔
لقد تحدثت في ھذا الباب عن دور النساء في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ والشعریۃ بصفۃ عامۃ وعن دور نازک الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر وکیف أن لھما مکانۃ خاصۃ في الساحۃ الشعریۃ وخاصۃ في الشعر الحر والحزین لأن کلتا الشاعرتان من مشجعي الشعر الحر والحزین فأکثر أشعارھما دلیل علی میزتھما الخاصۃ ھذہ۔والنتائج المأخوذة من هذا الباب.
الباب الثاني: الشاعرة العظيمة نازک الملائكة۔
وقسمتُ ھذا الباب إلی فصلین،
الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر
(الشاعرۃ...
Islam considers freedom of expression, speech and thought as an imperative human right and liberty. Primary Islamic sources, as the Holy Quran, Hadith and Seerah of the beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islamic jurisprudence discuss its principles parameters and boundaries comprehensively. There are many verses of the Quran, ?h?d?th of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and many terms of Islamic Fiqh, which guide us to describe the freedom of expression, its meanings, significance, principles and limits. Islamic scholars of different fields define the freedom of expression in different ways. It’s also observed during exploration in Islamic and Western perspectives, there is no specific and agreed upon definition of freedom of expression. Some scholars try to define it according to their own interest and requirement, but they can’t make an agreement on its definition. So, there is found a variety of definitions of freedom of expression in academic discourse. Different Islamic scholars mention different definitions due to its being a modern term. In this study efforts are made to elaborate Islamic concept of freedom of expression, thought and speech in modern context. It’s concluded, the Islamic teachings give all kind of freedom and rights to human being but their limits and boundaries are different from Western thought.
In the present endeavor the aetohydrazide derivatives and diacylhydrazine derivatives were synthesized and characterized. The key intermediate 2-(5-(pyridin-3/4-yl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)acetohydrazide was reacted with substituted-benzaldehydes and acid chlorides to give two classes of compounds: (i) N΄-(Substituted-benzylidene)-2-(5-(pyridin-3/4-yl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl) acetohydrazides (ii) Substituted-N΄-(2-(5-(pyridin-3/4-yl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)acetyl)benzohydrazides The acetohydrazides were screened for their in vivo antidiabetic activity and most of the derivatives have effective role in lowering plasma glucose, exerting potential of being good antidiabetic agents. Tetrazolo-pyridine-diacylhydrazines were tested for their inhibitory activity against nucleotide pyrophosphatase (hNPP1 & hNPP3) and the results show that NPP1 and NPP3 reveal differential susceptibility to benzohydrazide inhibitors. Some of the newly-synthesized analogues are selective inhibitors of NPP1 while some others selectively retard the activity of NPP3. The derivatives with IC50 values lesser than or closer to Suramin, (standard used) may have potential application in the treatment of neurodegenerative, cancer and metastatic diseases. In addition, Mannich bases act as important biologically-active compounds with high medicinal value, therefore a series of bis Mannich bases type derivatives were synthesized and characterized. Benzidine, 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione and substitutedbenzaldehydes were reacted in 1:2:2 molar ratio giving 3,3΄-(4,4΄{[1,1-Biphenyl)-4,4΄-diylbis(azanediyl)]bis(substitutedphenyl)methylene)]bis(5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-4,2-diyl)}bis(4-pyridine) by means of simple and easy procedure. Coumarin and thiazole derivatives are well-known for their wide range of fluorescent and medicinal applications. Some new series of 3-thiazolyl-coumarins were designed containing both these important nuclei in a single structural unit, synthesized and characterized. The intermediate 3-(2-Bromoacetyl)-2H-chromen-2-one led to two different series of 3-thiazolylcoumarins: (i) 3-(2-(Substituted phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl)-2H-chromen-2-ones (ii) (ii) 3(2-(2-(Substitutedbenzylidene)hydrazinyl)thiazol-4-yl-2H-chromen-2-ones The second series was tested against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and their structure–activity relationship was established. Studies tagged them as the potential inhibitors of cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase). The docking studies showed that these synthesized compounds possess better interaction patterns with butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase. The main objective of the present investigation was to develop new potent and selective compounds, which might be further optimized to prevent the progression of the Alzheimer’s disease