The present research consisted of three studies. This research aimed to explore the role of health beliefs, knowledge, and education in health related behaviors of urban females. Additionally, it aimed to generate data that can give a direction for action to health policy makers concerned with women’s health. The objective of Study-I was to examine the impact of health locus of control, self efficacy, and education on health related behaviors. The broad level objective was to identify those segments of urban female population that need special attention of health professionals and researchers. The sample comprised 150 urban females, educated and illiterate. The educated and illiterate respondents were found to be significantly different on internal health locus of control/ IHLC, chance health locus of control/ CHLC, and self-efficacy. The educated women were higher than their counterparts on IHLC and self efficacy. The representations of health of the respondents indicated that educated women understood health in a more global sense of well being, whereas the illiterate took health to be more of a physical phenomenon. Years of education were found to be positively correlated with one’s health knowledge and health behaviors. Health knowledge and health behaviors were significantly positively correlated. Self-efficacy was found to have a significant positive correlation with HLC, health knowledge, and health behavior. Study II purported to examine relationship between IHLC and self efficacy with patient’s report for timely or delayed diagnosis. The sample consisted of 60 female heart and cancer patients, timely and delayed diagnosed according to the doctors’ ratings. No significant differences were found between the HLC and self-efficacy of the two sets of patients. The respondents in this study however scored significantly higher on powerful others health locus of control/PHLC and chance health locus of control/CHLC than the IV respondents in Study 1. The representations of health of majority of respondents reflected their concern with physical aspects of health. Study III followed a before- after no control group design. The sample consisted of 50 graduate level female students. The purpose of this study was to study the impact of health information provision on the participants’ health related beliefs and behaviors. It aimed to examine if exposure to health knowledge pertaining to breast cancer could change the participants’ perceived breast cancer related self-efficacy and health behaviors such as breast self examination. Participants’ knowledge and behavior related to breast cancer were assessed in the pre- exposure phase, followed by an exposure session in which the participants were shown a video CD, participated in a discussion, and were given take-home health education literature about breast cancer. Two weeks after the exposure, the participants were assessed on the same measures again. Health knowledge, behavior, and self-efficacy were found to have significantly improved. It has been recommended that health education be provided to women through school curricula as well as mass media in order to improve health behaviors and corresponding self efficacy. Reliability of all the scales used in these studies was also measured. The alpha values obtained for the Urdu version of HLC scales have been found to be from .56 to .65; .67 to .78 for Representations of health scale; .80 to .83 for Self efficacy scale; and .72 to .76 for breast cancer self efficacy scale in the three studies.
موضوع5:ماخذ کا مفہوم، اہمیت اور اقسام ماخذ: ماخذ سے مراد وہ معاون کتاب ، سند، تقریر،تحریر، گفتگو جو مقالے کے لیے مواد یا معلومات فراہم کرے اور سند و ثبوت کا کام دے اور جس کی وجہ سے تحقیق مستند اور معیاری سمجھی جا سکے۔تحقیق کا بنیادی کام سچائی کی تلاش اور اس کی تصدیق ہے۔ زندگی کی سچائیاں بہت سے لوگوں پر عیاں ہوتی ہیں لیکن علم و ادب کے سارے حقائق تک رسائی کم ہی لوگوں کو ہوتی ہے۔محقق کا پہلا فرض ہے کہ وہ ان حقائق کو تلاش کرکے دوسروں پر ظاہر کرے۔ ادبی تحقیق کا زیادہ تر انحصار کتابوں پر ہوتا ہے اس لئے ادبی تحقیق میں دوسرا قدم ان تمام کتابوں یا تحریری مواد کی تلاش ہے جو موضوع تحقیق سے متعلق ہو ں۔ ماخذ کا اطلاق ان ذرائع پر ہوتا ہے جن سے کسی بھی زیرتحقیق موضوع کی تکمیل کیلئے مواد اخذ کیا جاتا ہے۔ ماخذ کو مصادر یا منابع یا مراجع بھی کہتے ہیں۔محققین نے ماخذ کے مفہوم کو یوں بیان کیا ہے : "ماخذ میں وہ کتابیں رسالے اور تحریریں شامل کی جاتی ہیں جن کا تعلق متن کی اساسیات سے ہوتا ہے، یعنی متن کے مختلف مخطوطے یا مطبوعہ نسخے جو اس کی تیاری، صحت اور تکمیل میں اساسی اہمیت رکھتے ہیں۔مصادر میں ان ماخذ بھی شامل کیا جاتا ہے جن سے مقدمہ اور حواشی کی ترتیب میں مدد لی گئی ہو۔مراجع میں ایسی کتب کا ذکر آ سکتا ہے جن سے توسیعی اور تفصیلی معلومات کی فراہمی میں مزید مدد مل سکتی ہو۔ سب سے پہلے قلمی ماخذ پھر قدیم مطبوعات اور آخر میں بیاضوں اور رسائل وغیر ہ کا تذکرہ ہوتا ہے۔ان سب کی فہرستیں علیحدہ علیحدہ تیار کی جاتی ہیں۔" ماخذ کی اہمیت: ماخذ خواہ بنیادی ہو یا ثانوی ان کی اہمیت مندرجہ ذیل نکات...
This study aims to determine the health and sanitary status of the Mamanwa indigenous people in selected areas in CARAGA Region. The respondents were the Mamanwa people who are residents of Cantugas, Mainit, Surigao del Norte community, and Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte community. The study used descriptive research design utilizing questionnaire and personal interview in gathering the data. The total population of the respondents is 69 and respondents from both communities were selected based on simple random design. The study used percentage and mode/majority criterion, weighted mean, and Kendal-tau correlation. The findings showed that in the extent of health and sanitation education which was divided into three factors: Factor 1 which is the regularity of adopting health and sanitation practices shows a mean rating described as always except for item 9. Factor 2 was about exposure to health and sanitation campaign and education show a mean rating of sometimes. Factor 3 is about awareness on health and sanitation show a mean rating of sometimes. On the economic status of Mamanwa people which was the (factor 1) economic status of Mamanwa parents, 75.4% of the Mamanwa parents send their children to school and 64.9% of Mamanwa parents’ allocated budget for clothing and other personal necessities. On social status of the location (factor 2), only 35.1% of the respondents said that they have proper waste disposal and segregation. The results showed that Mamanwa children regardless of sex and age were undernourished and there is a significant relationship between the regularity of adopting health and sanitation practices with hygiene on health care where it had an R-value of 0.47 and 0.35 respectively. Lastly, only economic factor on the social status of the location had a significant relationship on the health status of Mamanwa children in terms of BMI which had an R-value -0.20 and p-value 0.049.
Transition metals and metal oxide nanostructures are promising materials owing to their unique physical and chemical properties such as thermal stability, rigidity, and high chemical resistance. These properties enable them to be utilized for a wide range of environmental and biological applications; including antibacterial and photocatalytic activities etc. This led various research groups to develop several techniques for the synthesis of metal nanomaterials with different sizes, shapes and morphologies. However, it is still desirable to develop new environment-friendly synthetic processes to prepare these nanomaterials with new textural forms for their viable applications. In this regard, a very simple, fast, cost-effective and toxic free self-designed Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma (AMP) technique has been developed for the synthesis of metals (Ag and Au) and metal oxides (ZnO and CuO) nanostructures. In addition, several analytical techniques were used to study the morphological, structural, optical and compositional properties of the synthesized nanostructures. Furthermore, the prepared noble metal (Au and Ag) nanostructures were used for antibacterial applications while the metal oxide (ZnO and CuO) nanostructures were used for both antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the sheet-like structures of Ag and spherical structures for Au. However, a change in lateral dimension has been observed with the increase in the precursor’s concentration. XRD showed highly crystalline nature and single phase (fcc symmetry) of the as-synthesized Ag and Au nanostructures. In addition, highly crystalline ZnO nanostructures (nanosheets, nanodrums, and nanoneedles) were synthesized in the presence of different ionic (anionic and cationic) surfactants and nonionic fructose. It was found that the fructose and surfactants greatly influenced the morphology of synthesized ZnO nanostructures. Similarly, highly crystalline sheet-like CuO nanostructures were also synthesized without using any surfactant. SEM of CuO confirmed the variation in the dimensions of nanostructures with precursor’s concentration. XRD showed the hexagonal (wurtzite structure) phase of ZnO and monoclinic phase of CuO. The antibacterial tests of all the synthesized nanomaterials were evaluated against several bacterial strains. Results suggested that all the nanostructures exhibited effective bactericidal activity against all tested strains. It was observed that the antibacterial activity of the prepared samples not only depends upon the shape of nanostructures, but also on the type of the bacteria. This study also demonstrates the photocatalytic activity of the assynthesized ZnO and CuO samples for the degradation of organic dyes under direct sunlight. Results indicated that the ZnO and CuO sheet-like photocatalysts exhibited significant photocatalytic activities against tested dyes after 80 minutes of sunlight illumination. The findings of this research work may prove helpful in contributing towards new studies conducted on applications involving catalysis, optoelectronic devices, biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental bioremediation and so forth.