The present research was carried out to investigate the moderating role of positive religious coping, engagement coping, and perceived availability of social support in stress-distress relationship among chronically-ill patients (HIV/AIDS & cancer). This study also investigated the role of gender, locale, type of disease and stages of disease in the appraisal of stressors (poor physical well-being, disease-related discrimination & barriers to care), and different coping strategies (positive religious coping & engagement coping) as well as perceived availability of social support among chronically-ill patients. Present research comprised two separate studies, Study-I and Study-II. The Study-I was further conducted in two phases. Phase-I aimed at translation of the Physical Well-being Scale, Disease-related discrimination Scale, Barriers to Care Scale, Positive Religious Coping Scale, Engagement Coping Scale, and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List into Urdu language. Whereas, phase-II of the study-I aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of the translated instruments. The translated versions were administered to a sample of 90 chronically- ill patients, comprising HIV/AIDS (n = 35) and cancer (n = 55) patients. Convergent and discriminant validity of the instruments were addressed and the scales exhibited good internal consistency reliability. For study-II (main study) data were collected from 330 chronically-ill patients comprising 252 cancer patients and 78 HIV/AIDS patients. A total of 63% (n = 208) were symptomatic patients whereas, 37% (n = 122) were asymptomatic. Participants were administered Urdu version of the seven scales (Physical Well-being scale, Disease-related Discrimination, Barriers to Care scale, Positive Religious Coping Scale, Engagement Coping Scale, Perceived Availability of Social Support and Beck Depression Inventory). Multiple regression and hierarchical moderated regression analyses were used to test the hypothesized relationships. Poor physical well-being and disease-related discrimination have significant main effects on depression. All the three moderating variables (positive religious coping, engagement coping and perceived availability of social support) were found significantly related to the depression. Positive religious coping and engagement coping was found significantly moderating poor physical well-being and depression relationship as well as disease-related discrimination and depression relationship. Whereas, moderating role of perceived availability of social support was found for poor physical well-being and depression as well as barriers to care and depression. Finally, t-test were conducted to explain the differences on stress appraisal, perceived availability of social support and coping strategies with reference to gender, locale, type and stages of disease. Overall, male patients differed from female patients in the appraisal of poor physical well-being, disease-related discrimination and barriers to care, whereas female patients significantly differed from male patients in their use of coping strategies. Patients from rural areas were high in the perception of poor physical well-being and barriers to care as compared to urban patients. HIV/AIDS patients differed from cancer patients in their high use of coping strategies and high perception of availability of social support as compared to cancer patients. Symptomatic patients were high in the appraisal of poor physical well-being, barriers to care and positive religious coping. HIV/AIDS and cancer patients were further compared across disease stages and gender. Symptomatic HIV/AIDS patients were high on the appraisal of poor physical well being and barriers to care as compared to asymptomatic HIV/AIDS patients. However, symptomatic cancer patients differed from asymptomatic cancer patients in their high appraisal of poor physical well- being, barriers to care and their high use of positive religious coping. Male cancer patients were high on the appraisal of poor physical well-being, disease-related discrimination and barriers to care, whereas, female cancer patients were high on positive religious coping, engagement coping, and perceived availability of social support as compared to men cancer patients. Male HIV/AIDS patients differed from female HIV/AIDS patients in their high perception of availability of social support. Further research may test the role of negative religious coping and disengagement coping strategies among chronically-ill patients.
فرقہ بندی مسلمانوں کے لیے بڑا چیلنج ہے اسلام کے پیروکار، اسلام کے ماننے والے، اسلام کے علمبردار صرف اور صرف مسلمان ہی ہیں اور مسلمان ہی اس کے صحیح طریقے سے تر جمانی کر سکتے ہیں۔ اس کے دنیاوی و اُخروی ثمرات سے کما حقہٗ دیگر اقوام کے قلوب و اذہان کو آشنا کر سکتے ہیں۔ اس خوف کے پیش نظر غیرمسلم اقوام نے ان کے ذہن کو پراگندہ، ان کے پیروکاروں کو منتشر کرنے کا عزم صمیم کر رکھا ہے، وہ اس بات کے متمنی ہیں کہ اسلام کے ماننے والے دنیا سے ناپید ہو جائیں اور دیگر غیر مسلم اقوام کامیاب و کامران ہو جائیں۔ ستیزہ کار رہا ہے ازل سے تا امروز چراغ مصطفوی سے شرار بولہبی اسلام کے وجود اور مسلمانوں کو ختم کرنے کے لیے یہودی ازم نے ایڑی چوٹی کا زور لگایا، مختلف ہتھکنڈے استعمال کیے ، لوگوں کو ورغلایا گیا، بہکایا گیا ، شیطانی طاقتوں نے مختلف طریقوں سے اسلام دشمن رویوں کو مرصعّ اور مزیّن کر کے پیش کیا۔ ان سب میں سب سے زیادہ زور انہوں نے فرقہ واریت والے چنیل پرلگایا، اور کوشش کی کہ اس طرح ان کی قوت کو نہ صرف کمزور کیا جاسکتا ہے بلکہ صفحہ ہستی سے بھی مٹایا جاسکتا ہے۔ فرقہ واریت ایک ایسا زہر ہے کہ جس کا اثر فوری ہوتا ہے اور تریاق پہنچنے سے پہلے پہلے اس کا اثر داعیٔ اجل کو لبیک کہنے پر مجبور کر دیتا ہے۔ اس ناسور نے مسلمانوں کی دینی صحت کو برباد کر کے رکھ دیا ہے۔ یہ مسلمانوں کے لیے بہت بڑا چیلنج ہے، فرقہ واریت کے اژدہانے اسلام کے پیروکاروں کومختلف انداز میں ڈسنا شروع کیا ہوا ہے۔ اس کے معاشرتی، معاشی اور دینی رجحانات میں یکسر تبدیلی آگئی ہے۔ معاشرے کے حسن کا چاند گہنا گیا ہے، گھر...
Purpose of the study was to reflect great contributions of Dar ul Uloom Deouband. After the end of Independence War 1857, three factors endangered the Muslims of India religiously and educationally. Firstly, the Christian missionaries who thought that after the political downfall Muslims would convert themselves to Christianity. Secondly, the missionaries were proclaiming blasphemy about Islam and the Holy Prophet Muhammad Sallalaho Alaha Wasalam. In this regard, William Mure wrote a notorious blasphemous book about which Sir Syed said, “Alas! We like to die.” Thirdly, in these circumstances the doubts of Muslims were increasing that Muslim may not be converted to Christianity but it may create hatred from Islamic ideology. Just to cope up with these dangers, various educational movements came into being; one of them is Deouband Movement. As a result of the efforts by Dar ul Uloom Deouband, Muslims were able to save their Din and eman.
Theoretical Analysis of Dynamic Behaviors in Liquid Chromatography The chromatographic techniques are used on laboratory and industrial scales for the sepa- ration of substances that under the traditional processes, such as distillation or extraction, are neither technically nor economically feasible. It is an important separation technique in the petrochemical industry and becomes more and more exploited in fine chemical, phar- maceutical and biotechnical industries. For instance, this attractive technology is used to separate chiral molecules, enzymes, sugar and to purify proteins or to produce insulin. This thesis project is concerned with the analytical and numerical solutions of three stan- dard liquid chromatographic models namely, the equilibrium dispersive model (EDM), the lumped kinetic model (LKM) and the general rate model (GRM). Each model consid- ers different levels of complexities to describe the process. These models are systems of convection-diffusion partial differential equations with dominating convective terms and coupled through differential or algebraic equations. The Laplace transformation is applied to derive the analytical solutions of the EDM and LKM considering the special case of single-component linear adsorption isotherm, contin- uous or finite width pulse injections, two different sets of boundary conditions and fully porous particles. For further analysis of the solute transport behavior, the analytical tem- poral moments are derived from the Laplace-transformed solutions and are compared with the numerical solutions of a semi-discrete high resolution finite volume scheme (HR-FVS). For nonlinear adsorption isotherms, numerical techniques are the only tools to provide solu- tions. However, the strong nonlinearities of realistic thermodynamic functions pose major difficulties for the numerical schemes. For that reason, computational efficiency and accu- racy of the numerical methods are highly important. The suggested HR-FVS is extended to approximate these nonlinear model equations. The numerical results of the suggested HR-FVS are compared with some other finite volume schemes available in the literature. Different case studies are considered covering a wide range of mass transfer kinetics. The results obtained verified the correctness of analytical results and accuracy of the suggested HR-FVS. An interesting aspect of this thesis project is the application of GRM to fixed-bed chro- matographic columns packed with core-shell or fully porous particles. Due to their proven performance and improved availability, core-shell particles are increasingly applied for chro- matographic separations. Such particles are useful for highly efficient and fast separation of complex samples with a reasonably low back pressure. Cored beads provide advantages over fully porous beads, such as reduced diffusional mass transfer resistances in particle macropores and separation times. The concept has improved column efficiency by shorten- ing the diffusion path that molecules have to travel and thus, has improved the diffusional mass transfer kinetics in particle macropores. Once again, both single-component linear and multi-component nonlinear GRM models are considered. The above mentioned ana- lytical and numerical solution techniques are applied to solve the model equations. The potential of the solutions is demonstrated by considering different case studies that quan- tify the effects of the relative core size, axial dispersion, film mass transfer resistance and intraparticle diffusion resistance in the porous layer on the elution curves.