The biggest dilemma of modern age is Terrorism. While on one side, terrorism has extinguished countless lives, left physical scars and psychologically hampered masses; on the other side it has also displaced millions of people. Vast literature on the effects of terrorism on mental health of people is available across cultures, but there are very few studies that have highlighted psychological impact of terrorism on internally displaced women. The present study is an endeavor to focus on the mental health of one of this neglected segment of society, in Pakistan. Studies on mental health of people affected by Terrorism worldwide, revealed high levels of post traumatic stress disorder as one of the major negative outcome of the trauma. However there are some recent studies that have highlighted some positive changes too that an individual may experience as a result of struggling with the trauma, called post traumatic growth (PTG). The present study investigated both the post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as the development of post traumatic growth( PTG) among internally displaced women (N=130) from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) who were living in the IDP camps. Furthermore, the researcher also examined the differences in PTSD scores of the respondents vis-à-vis their marital status, differences and severity of trauma resulting from loss of a family member or close relative/s. This study also explored the unique relationship of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with post traumatic growth (PTG) and locus of control (LOC) among the sample. In addition to this, general mental health of the sample was also assessed along with its relationship with PTSD. Age range of the sample was16- 60 years (Mean age = 39.94, S.D = 13.95). Results indicated that majority of the sample had at least some symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder and slightly less than half of the sample (40.8%) met the diagnostic criteria of PTSD. Findings revealed a significant difference between married and unmarried women on PTSD scale, with married women obtaining significantly higher scores on PTSD scale as compared to unmarried respondents. Besides, bivariate correlation revealed that age was also strongly correlated with PTSD. Therefore, further analysis (ANCOVA) was conducted, controlling for women’s age. Our findings revealed that marital status was no longer significantly associated with PTSD symptoms. Further, though loss of family member/s did not reveal a significant difference in the scores of PTSD among the sample, yet it was observed that women who lost family member in terrorism scored relatively higher on PTSD scale. PTSD was negatively associated with PTGI in the preliminary analysis (r =-.14) but post hoc analysis when conducted, by regressing post traumatic growth (PTG) onto post traumatic stress symptoms ( PTSD), revealed a significant quadratic effect. Hence the study demonstrated a significant curvilinear relationship between PTSD and PTG. Respondents with fewer PTSD symptoms reported lower levels of growth, whereas respondents having moderate levels of PTSD symptoms exhibited higher levels of growth. Surprisingly when PTSD symptoms became severe, the growth levels dropped down. In this study the relationship of PTSD and locus of control (LOC) could not be verified as all the respondents rated themselves extremely high on God locus of health control scale (GLHC). In fact there was no variability in the scores on GLHC scale among the sample. Findings also revealed a strong positive correlation between General mental Health symptoms (GHQ) and PTSD. The present research on one side, provides a detailed analysis of PTSD and the factors that contribute toward PTSD among internally displaced women from remote areas of Pakistan, whereas on the other side it has also revealed positive outcomes following trauma: Post traumatic growth and its relationship with post traumatic stress disorder in a unique combination of terrorism and internal displacement.
چئیر مین ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید سے پہلے شلوار قمیض کو آپ کسی بڑے ہوٹل اور مخصوص کلبوں میں پہن کر نہیں جا سکتے تھے وہاں صرف سوٹ پہن کر ہی جا یا سکتا تھا ۔مجھے یاد ہے کہ 1989ء پرل کانٹی نینٹل ہوٹل میں پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی کوئی تقریب تھی وہاں جب ہم پہنچے تو پارٹی کارکنان میں پیلز لیبر بیورو کے مزدور رہنمائوں اور کارکنوں کی بھی خاصی تعداد تھی جو پرانے کپڑوں میں بیٹھے ہوئے تھے ۔تو میں نے دوستوں سے کہا یہ پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کا خاصہ ہے کہ یہاں آپ سوٹڈ بوٹڈ لوگ ہی نہیں عام کپڑے پہنے مزدور بھی نظر آئیں گے اور ان کو وہی عزت و وقار ملتا ہے جو ایک تھری پیس پہنے شخص کو عزت ۔انہیں چئیر مین ذوالفقار علی بھٹو شہید نے دی ۔چند دن پہلے پورٹ قاسم کراچی میں پیلز لیبر بیورو کی لیبر یونین کی جیتنے کی خبر سنی تو ایسا لگا کہ کسی قومی اسمبلی کی بڑی سیٹ سے معرکہ سر ہوا ہے کہ پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی بنیادی طور پر مزدوروں کسانوں پسے ہوئے طبقات کی جماعت ہے ۔
Being the natural religion, Islam demands peaceful, liberal and civilized society. To achieve this goal Islam introduces two types of laws; permanent and Transitional law. Permanent law are those which are abide by every person of the Muslim society i.e Marriage laws, economic laws, political laws, Family laws, heir ship laws, social laws and other such laws. On the other hand there are some temporary or Transitional laws; i.e War laws, Divorce laws, laws for Slave or laws to end slavery, Criminal Laws (Qis┐s, Diyat, Rajam and Lashes etc), there laws are put into practice only in conditional situations. After achieving the goal these Transitional laws are no more in practice. Islam is complete code of life and gives Laws and Rules for any situation. Islam is natural and liberal religion, its laws since beginning are very much practicable and result oriented. Whenever and where ever Islamic laws have been put into practice society has got its fruits. In this article Islamic Transitional Law are briefly discussed to understand the background of transitional laws. Detail of these laws can be seen in Hadith and Fiqah books.
This study aimed at exploring self-evaluation processes and their contribution to school improvement in a school system. As the research sought to study the lived experiences of the key participants of the phenomenon of self-evaluation in a school system, I chose to conduct a phenomenological study in the qualitative paradigm. The research was conducted in three units (two secondary schools and a college, including the girls' college section) working under the umbrella of a community-based educational network in Karachi, Pakistan. The research participants included the Executive Director, three Principals, the Coordinator, the Vice Principal, a Professional Development Teacher and six Lead Teachers. There are various self-evaluation procedures in place at the Leaders' Educational Network (pseudonym). All the activities like students' academic and co-curricular progress, teaching and learning processes, admissions and staff performance are monitored and evaluated through these procedures. The study found that the procedures are internallydriven and involve the stakeholders at various levels, like principals, lead teachers and teachers. The management has developed an understanding of the meaning and purpose of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) across the board, and is enthusiastic and committed about M&E of all the aspects of their units with a focus on the smooth functioning of the work, accountability and improvement. Self-evaluation and school improvement is an under-researched areas in Pakistan; hence, the study is significant as it brings to light the processes and activities through which schools monitor themselves, either consciously or unconsciously, how much and to what end the data, which are collected through different means, are utilized and how much the stakeholders like teachers, students and parents are involved in the evaluation process; the study also explores the contribution of M&E/self-evaluation to school improvement.