The main objective of present study was to find out the psychosocial determinants of marital quality among married couples living in Rawalpindi and Islamabad (Pakistan). The study also aimed to test the proposed models of relationships between psychosoial factors and marital quality through Structural Equation Modeling. Further, the role of demographic variables i. e., gender, financial status, family system, number of children and education was also probed. Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), Dimensions of Commitment Inventory (Adams and Jones, 1997), Trait Forgivingness Scale (Berry, Worthington, O''Connor, Parrott, & Wade, 2005), Communication Patterns Questionnaire(Christensen and Sullaway, 1984), and Husbands ’And Wives’ Emotion Work scale (Erickson, 1993), Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory (Rahim, 1983), The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan, 2000), Eros and Storge sub-scales of the short form of the Love Attitude Scale (Hendrick, Hendrick, and Dicke, 1998) were identified to measure the constructs of the study. The research was carried out in three phases. Phase I aimed to find out the definition and determinants of marital quality in our culture. Four focus groups revealed commitment, forgiveness, communication patterns, marital emotion work, conflict handling, attachment, friendship, romance, education, children, financial status, duration of marriage, and family system as important determinants of marital quality. Phase II aimed to measure the psychometric properties of all the scales. Measures were validated through CFA and EFA for the Pakistani sample. The findings suggested some modifications in instruments for Pakistani sample. Internal consistency was also 16 determined through alpha coefficients and item total correlations. Phase III aimed to find out the relationship between psychosocial factors and marital quality. The sample was consisted of 616 married individuals (308 couples). Step wise regression analysis suggested significant positive prediction of marital quality by constructive communication, marital emotion work, commitment to spouse and marriage and romance. Significant gender differences were also found. Finally, role of each psychosocial determinant was thoroughly examined using various non-recursive path models. In fact the predicted paths were tested in combined models for husbands and wives using Structural Equation Modeling which was executed through Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) 18. Findings showed that when forgiveness, attachment, commitment, conflict handling or demographic variables were predictors; husbands’ marital quality was more pertinent than wives’ marital quality to enhance couples marital quality. On the other hand when love, marital emotion work or communication patterns were predictors; wives’ marital quality was more pertinent than husbands’ marital quality to enhance couples marital quality. In the end two conclusive models were made by combining the best fit models and tested through path analysis. It was interesting to note that many psychosocial variables that significantly predicted marital quality became insignificant when they were seen in combination with all other significant predictors. Implications of the present study are discussed under Pakistani cultural and theoretical framework for future research directions.
ڈاکٹر وحید اختر افسوس ہے مشہور شاعر و نقاد ڈاکٹر وحید اختر بھی وفات پاگئے، ان کی پیدائش اور ابتدائی تعلیم اورنگ آباد میں ہوئی۔ جامعہ عثمانیہ حیدر آباد سے فلسفہ میں ایم۔ اے اور پی۔ ایچ۔ ڈی کی پھر علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی آئے اور پروفیسر، صدر شعبہ فلسفہ اور ڈین ہوئے۔ خواجہ میر درد پر بہت کم کام ہوا ہے، ان کی کتاب ’’خواجہ میر درد۔ تصوف اور شاعری‘‘ سے اس کمی کی تلافی ہوگئی جس کی علمی و ادبی حلقوں میں بڑی پذیرائی ہوئی۔ فلسفہ، ادبی تنقید اور غالب وغیرہ پر انہوں نے جو کچھ لکھا ہے وہ قدر و قیمت کا حامل اور ان کے اچھے ادبی و تنقیدی ذوق کا ثبوت ہے۔ ڈاکٹر وحید اختر کے متعدد شعری مجموعے بھی شایع ہوئے ہیں، انہیں نظم و غزل دونوں پر قدرت تھی۔ ان کی شاعری مسائل عصر کی ترجمانی ہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی بشری لغزشوں سے درگزر فرمائے اور ان کے ساتھ رحم و مغفرت کا معاملہ فرمائے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی،جنوری ۱۹۹۷ء)
A great deal of research work has been done upon the differences present in the Muslim Umm’ah and for its dissolution. Hence, scholars like Ashari, Baghdadi, Ibn al- Hazm and Shehristani has produced great critical and analytical studies, however the sect proclaiming on “Rah-e –Haq" (the truly guided path) needs critical review. In this article, a scholarly analysis and estimation of the "Rah-e-Haq"sect (the guided ones) is being attempted in the light of the relevant traditions.
The Research work was designed to determine growth behaviour and to assess the potential of various tree species for uptake of heavy metals under different irrigation regimes. Domestic wastewater (DW) accelerated the growth of almost all the species. Municipal wastewater (MW) irrigation was the second best in this regard. Tree heights gained by the tree species under MW irrigation were 8% less than DW followed by canal water (CW) (25% less). Similarly, collar diameter of all the species under MW irrigation was 10% less than the diameter gained under DW irrigation (7.41cm) but greater than CW (23% less). Relatively smaller collar diameter under MW might be due to stress of some metal contamination found in it. Maximum diameter under DW was due to highly favourable status of nutrients, organic matter and moderate level of pollutants. Almost all of the tree species showed higher uptake of metals under MW irrigation followed by DW. Metal uptake by the tree species under CW irrigation was significantly low. However, Ni uptake was maximum under DW followed by MW irrigation. Populus deltoides (38.95 mg kg -1 ) and Dalbergia sissoo (29.70 mg kg -1 ) efficiently absorbed Cd metal. Leucaena leucocephala and Albizzia procera absorbed 66 and 70% less Cd than Populus deltoides, respectively. Melia azedarach and Eucalyptus camaldulensis had 22.3 mg kg -1 and 20.16 mg kg -1 Cd, respectively. P. deltoides, A. procera and M. azedarach proved to be good absorbents of Cr. However, E. camaldulensis (~53% less uptake), L. leucocephala and D. sissoo (73% less uptake) were poor in this regard. Cu concentration was highest in P. deltoides (245.45 mg kg -1 ). The performance of M. azedarach and A. procera (61% and 59% Cu uptake) was quite reasonable. The rests of the species were not very active to absorb Cu. Tree species like P. deltoides, M. azedarach and A. procera were efficient absorbents of Ni. All other species had negligible absorption of Ni from soil and water mediums. P. deltoides was most effective in Pb uptake followed by D. sissoo. A. procera and M. azedarach performed moderately in this regard. Data revealed that L. leucocephala remained Pb free under each irrigation source. The results suggested that L. leucocephala was suitable for forage purpose as it was free from Pb causing low risk to animal health. A. procera, M. azedarach and P. deltoides captured more Zn than all other species.