جمال عبدالناصر
جمال عبدالناصر کی موت دنیائے عرب کا بہت بڑا حادثہ ہے، مدتوں کے بعد عربوں میں اتنا بڑا لیڈر پیدا ہوا تھا، ان کی پوری زندگی قوم و وطن کی راہ میں ایک جہد مسلسل تھی، اس راہ میں جان تک دے دی، انھوں نے عربوں میں آزادی کی روح پھونکی، مصر کی شخصی بادشاہت سے نجات دلائی، سامراجی طاقتوں سے ٹکرلی، برطانوی اثر و اقتدار سے سرزمین مصر کو آزاد کرایا، نہر سویز کے قومیا نے کے انتقام میں فرانس، برطانیہ اور اسرائیل کے متحدہ حملہ کو ذلت آمیز شکست دی، اسوان بند تعمیر کرایا، ان کے علاوہ اور بہت سے تعمیری کام کئے، ان کارناموں نے ان کو دنیا کے بڑے لیڈروں کی صف میں کھڑا کردیا تھا، وہ اپنی قوم میں اس قدر مقبول و محبوب تھے کہ اگر ان کی جگہ کوئی دوسرا لیڈر ہوتا تو ۶۷ء کو شکست کے بعد اس کا زوال یقین تھا، لیکن اس کے بعد بھی ان کی مقبولیت میں فرق نہ آیا، ان سے بعض سیاسی اور مذہبی غلطیاں بھی ہوئیں، جن سے عرب اتحاد اور خود ان کے ملک اور ان کی شہرت کو نقصان پہنچا لیکن ان کی مذہبی غلطیاں مذہب کی مخالفت یا اس سے آزادی کے بجائے اس دور کی لادینی سیاست کا نتیجہ تھیں جس سے کوئی اسلامی ملک بھی محفوظ نہیں، خصوصاً جن کی سیاست میں غیرمسلم بھی دخیل ہیں، مگر ان غلطیوں کے مقابلہ میں ان کے کارنامے زیادہ ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے اچھے اعمال کے طفیل میں ان کی مغفرت اور ان کی لغزشوں سے درگزر فرمائے، ان کی زیر تعمیر مسجد میں ان کی تدفین بھی ان کے حسن خاتمہ کے لئے فال نیک ہے، ان کی موت سے عرب دنیا ایک ایسے لیڈر سے محروم ہوگئی، جس کی تلافی مدتوں نہ ہوسکے گی۔
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Muslim scholars have produced various writings in which the process of conversion to Islam has been presented in the form of narratives. However, less consideration has been given to the understanding of nature of this process. Furthermore, the elements which originate and shape this process have also been ignored in the previous studies. After analyzing the sources concerning the study of conversion to Islam, the current article argues that the previous studies, especially by the Muslim scholars, were mostly written for Daʻwah purposes. They did not encourage the analytical dimension of the conversion studies. For a grasp of the complex elements and the strategies underlying this process, the Western scholars divide religious conversion into its diverse types while providing different motifs. However, a critical analysis of their works points out that some of these types and motifs are not applicable to Islam. The current article points out the elements helpful in explaining the process of conversion to Islam keeping in line with the Holy Qur’ān and Sunnah. Moreover, this paper also purports that the study of Ḥadīth, spiritual experiences of converts, and the opinions of the scholars supports the concept of fiṭrah to be used as a framework for a thorough understanding of this process.
The current study was conducted to determine the effects of balance use of fertilization particularly nitrogen with or without biostimulant on Carbohydrate-Nitrogenratio (C:N) and photosynthesis and then effect of both on production and quality of fruits. Three different experiments were planned and executed. In the first experiment, different nitrogen doses (1200, 900 and 600 g) along with humic acid (HA) (120 ml of 8% solution) per plant were applied in three installments and these plants were compared with control plants (receiving 1200 g N in two installments) for vegetative and reproductive growth. Application of 900 g N per tree with 120 ml HA was found the best regarding the increase in photosynthesis (4.47) and low C:N ratio (4.78) of plant at fruit setting stage which improved the yield (956 fruit/plant) and other quality related parameter of ‘Kinnow’. Maximum TSS (12.20 oBrix), ascorbic acid (44.96 mg/100g), total sugars (13.69%), reducing sugars (5.44%), non-reducing sugars (7.57%), phenolic compounds (398.55 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidants (90.13 Ic μg/L) were also recorded in the fruit of this treatment. This treatment had also effect on plant growth with an increase of 20.64 cm in plant height and 37.25 cm3 in canopy volume. In second experiment three concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AA) were used for the optimization of best dose. The results elucidated stimulating effects of SA (6 mM) and AA (120 ppm) on photosynthesis and nitrogen use and decreased the C:N ratio of the plants. These effects indicate maximum utilization of carbohydrates in growth and development of the plant. Plants treated with SA (6 mM) showed higher values of biochemical parameters of ‘Kinnow’ fruits such as TSS (12.00 oBrix), ascorbic acid (46.51 mg/100g), fructose (2.95%), glucose (2.85%), sucrose (7.90%), phenolic compounds (360.42 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidants (89.55 (Ic μg/L). Application of AA (120 ppm) improved ascorbic acid (46.51 mg/100g), reducing sugars (4.23%), non-reducing sugars (8.50%), antioxidants (87.63 μg/L) and phenolic compounds (365.24 mg GAE/100 g) in fruit. Plant growth was significantly affected by the above mentioned treatment of SA (6 mM) with an increase of 22.46 cm in plant height and 23.45 cm3 increase in canopy volume. In third experiment combined effect of N, SA and AA was in confirmation with the previous results of photosynthesis, C:N ratio and productivity of the plant. Plants treated with combined dose of SA, AA and N showed higher biochemical parameters of ‘Kinnow’ fruits such as TSS (12.20 oBrix), ascorbic acid (54.64 mg/100g), total sugars (14.30%), reducing sugars (1.81%), non-reducing 2 sugars (12.49%). Maximum total phenolic compounds (394.58 mg GAE/100 g) were also noted in the fruit of this treatment. Effect of this treatment was depicted with an increase of 24.85 cm in plant height, 2.34 cm in stem girth and 35.65 cm3 in canopy volume. Correlation between fruit yield and biochemical/physiological parameters showed significant effect on fruit yield. Correlation was found significant between C:N ratio and physiological parameters, such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration in plants. All these physiological process have direct or indirect relation with fruit production. The yield potential of a plant can be measured directly from total number of fruit per plant, however in this study involvement of photosynthetic activities in relation to C:N ratio at different growth stages of plant could be proved a good predictor of fruit yield. Conclusively, application of 900 g N per tree and 120ml HA in equal three splits (before flowering, fruit setting and fruit maturation) along with recommended doses phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) (600 and 600g) per tree can be used effectively to build synergistic photosynthetic and C:N ratio to improve the leaf nutrient status, fruit yield and quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin.