Aggression is a characteristic feature of many psychiatric disorders (e.g., conduct disorder, impulse control disorders and some personality disorders). Despite the tremendous work in evidence based practices for childhood behavior problems, and efficacy of the cognitive behavioral interventions for aggressive, disruptive and conduct problems in Western countries, there was an extreme scarcity in Pakistan for empirical support for such interventions. The present research aims to culturally adapt, implement and evaluate a cognitive behavioral intervention program (Coping Power Program) for 15 Pakistani school children with aggressive problems. This represents the very first intervention study conducted in Pakistan for the reduction of child aggression. The Coping Power program is an indicated prevention program for at-risk aggressive children, and had demonstrated short and long-term effects on antisocial outcomes. The present research consists of three studies. Study-I designed for cultural adaptation and translation of Coping Power Program (CPP) -child component and outcome measures, according to a heuristic model proposed by Barrera and Castro (2006). Cultural mismatches were identified in the content and structure of the CPP with main focus to maintain the core contents of the program. Islamic concepts and teachings with cultural elements were added in the adapted version of CPP. A pilot test was conducted for CPP adapted Urdu version and outcome measures. A sample of 37 fourth and fifth grade boys, with their parents and teachers participated in the study. Five at risk aggressive boys participated in Coping Power intervention group condition. The results indicated moderate to good reliability in all outcome measures, and CPP adapted version was considered as an effective intervention program to implement on Pakistani children with some modifications. Pilot testing of CPP demonstrated improvements in targeted aggressive boys. Study-II is designed to evaluate the contextual social cognitive model of aggression, which serves as a conceptual framework for the Coping Power Program. Initially 859 fourth grade boys were screened out to identify the aggression severity group (nonaggressive, moderately aggressive and severely aggressive children). 401 children (Mean age =9.44, SD=0.50) were identified as potential participants (180 nonaggressive, 100 moderately aggressive, and 121 severely aggressive). Four domains 16 (self-regulation, social and cognitive competencies, school bonding, and parenting practices) were assessed with Urdu translated outcome measures. Results indicated significant differences among all groups; severely aggressive children exhibited elevated levels of reactive and proactive aggression, poor social cognitive processes, and experienced more corporal punishment from parents as compared to the other groups. Peer rejection was also linked with severe behavior problems and social cognitive processes of the moderately aggressive and severely aggressive children. Study-III was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of abbreviated version of Coping Power Program (25 Child group sessions in adapted version). The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which CPP is capable of reducing behavior problems and improving prosocial and competent behavior in children, when delivered in a different culture i.e., Pakistan. With randomized control trial (RCT) of pre- and post-testing, 112 fourth grade boys were allocated to Coping Power intervention condition (n=51) and control condition (n=61). Intervention took place during the fifth grade year, at the time of transition to middle school. Pre- and post-treatment were collected from child, parent and teacher to assess the intervention effects. Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVAs) were used in order to adjust the intervention effects for scores on the baseline measures. Within group analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were further used to explain the interaction effects which were significant in ANCOVAs. Effect sizes are calculated for both groups independently, i.e., between groups and within subjects. Results showed significant differences in measures of all domains. A significant reduction was found in aggression, and impulsivity for the intervention group as compared to the control group. Boys who 17 received Coping Power Program intervention also showed improvements in behavior, social skills and social cognitive processes, with better anger control and problem solving strategies in comparison to control children. The study provides preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness of Coping Power Program for Pakistani children. Despite its limitations, the results of this study are promising, and suggest that CPP is an effective intervention to reduce behavior problems and promote healthy and positive behavior in children, even when implemented in different contexts with greater potential for violence exposure. The implications are discussed for the implementation of strategies aimed at preventing aggressive behavior in school.
پرانے زمانے دی گل اے کہ اک پنڈ وچ راجہ ناں دا اک بندہ رہندا سی۔ اوس نوں پالتو جانور تے پرندے پالن دا بہت شوق سی۔ اوس نے بکری، بھیڈ، مجھ، کتا، بلی تے خرگوش توں وکھ کئی پرندے وی پالے ہوئے سن۔ اوس نوں جتھوں وی کوئی سوہنا جانور یاں پرندا ملدا اوہ خرید لیندا تے فیر بہت محنت تے دل نال اوہناں نوں پالدا۔ پرندیاں وچ بھانویں کہ اوس کول تتر، کبوتر تے چڑیاں وڈی تعداد وچ سن پر اوس دا دل نئیں سی بھردا۔ اوہ پرندیاں دی تعداد وچ آئے دن کوئی نواں پرندیاں خرید کے وادھا کردا رہندا۔ اک دفعہ اوہ ایران دی سیر کرن گیا۔ اوتھے اوس نوں کجھ طوطے پسند آئے جو گلاں کردے سن۔ واپس تے اوس اوہ طوطے خریدے تے بڑی حفاظت نال اپنے گھر لے آیا۔ اوہ ایہناں دے بولن پاروں بہت خوش سی۔ اوہ سارا دن ایہناں نال گلاں کردا رہندا۔ جس پاروں طوطے ایس دے گھل مل گئے سن۔ طوطے بہت تیز ہوگئے سن۔ اوہ ہر روز راجے کولوں کدے چوری منگدے تے کدے کوئی پھل، کدے کھان نوں ہری مرچ یاں سبزی منگدے تے کدے بادام۔ راجہ اوہناں دی ہر خواہش پوری کردا سی۔
اک دفعہ نالدے پنڈ وچ میلہ لگا۔ اوس میلے وچ دوروں دوروں لوک اپنے پالتو جانور تے پرندے نمائش لئی لے کے آئے۔ اکثر لوک بیل، گاواں، مجھاں، کتے، بلیاں، خرگوش، گھوڑے، اونٹ لے کے آئے۔ کجھ لوک نچن والے گھوڑے لے کے آئے۔ ہن میلے دے میدان وچ واری واری لوک اپنے جانور یاں پرندے لے کے آندے تے اوہناں دے کرتب وکھاندے۔ سارے لوک اوہناں دے کرتب ویکھ کے بہت خوش ہوندے تے تاڑی وجا کے داد دیندے تے اپنی خوشی دا اظہار کردے۔
Islam is a religion of Nature that covers all aspects of life and guides human being to right path amid ups and downs in one’s life. But Human intellect and comprehension have limited capacities which can understand conditions or benefits of any situation or commodity for the time being. On the other hand, teachings of the Qurʻan and Sunnah are framed in accordance with the nature of human being and since Allah Almighty is the Creator of the entire Universe including the Nature so Allah had commanded to lead life in light of the His divinely inspired principles to get real success. Concept of Halal and Haram plays central role in evolving or driving attitude of a consumer with Islamic ideology. In the prevalent worldly economic system which mainly focuses on means as to how quickly satisfy desires and demands of a consumer irrespective of concept of Halal and Haram. In this context, if a consumer finds more satisfaction in having one glass of wine than milk, the consumer in question would opt for wine and would consider him or herself as successful after having his desires met within his available resources. Moreover, this particular attitude of the same consumer would be called rational act and logical because he or she gets more satisfaction, he or she was struggling or longing for. While Islam focuses on real welfare and success of an Islamic principles-inspired consumer. The consumer with Islamic belief would prefer to get real success here and hereafter by following teachings of Islam which provide for carrying out commandments of Allah
Pakistan and Russia acted hostile damaging interests of each other during the Cold War and relations suffered from
trust deficit afterwards. Interests of Pakistan and Russia start converging after 9/11, when both remained on the
same page with regards to the international campaign against Al-Qaeda as they not only expressed strong
commitment to root out the terrorism in the region but also provided full support to the U.S. led forces in
Afghanistan. Since then both have entered into institutional relationship, formed several bilateral and became part
of regional forums to discuss global, regional and bilateral issues. In the backdrop of emerging regional political
environment because of U.S./NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan, Indian tilt towards the U.S. and West, Ukrainian
crisis, bilateral and global convergence, Pakistan and Russia got the opportunity to translate high level engagements
into tangible outcome in bilateral relations. Pakistan has supported Russian's observer status in the Organization of
Islamic Conference (OIC) reciprocating the fact that Russia supported first observer status of Pakistan at the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization and later full membership. Pakistan's accession into important regional
organization SCO as full member deemed as step forward in Pakistan's relations with Russia.
Since the rapprochement between Pakistan and Russia started a decade ago, both countries witnessed a "milestone"
defense cooperation pact when a Russia Defense Minister paid an official visit to Pakistan in 45 years; important
developments in Pak-Russia Intergovernmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific and Technical
Cooperation and Joint Working Group on Energy at Moscow in 2014 took place. Both countries have expressed their
readiness to collaborate in the fields of defense, trade, economy, science, technology, agriculture, education and
culture to gain new impetus due to continuous high level interaction between the two countries. However, despite
the political convergence, institutional and structured ties between the two countries along with some factors will
continuously impede fast track implementation of agreed proposals.