لے سانس بھی آہستہ
’’لے سانس بھی آہستہ‘‘مشرف ذوقی کا اکیسویں صدی میں لکھا گیا ایک بہت بڑا ناول ہے جو حلال و حرام کی تمیز، جائز و ناجائز کو ایک الگ نظرسے دیکھتے ہوئے ایک الگ مقام پر لے جاتا ہے۔اس ناول کو پڑھتے ہوئے قاری نفسیاتی الجھن کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے۔کیونکہ اس میں کچھ ایسی باتوں کو جو معاشرے میں کبھی بھی گفتگو کا درجہ حاصل نہیں کرتیں اور پس پردہ سر اٹھا کر دم توڑ دیتی ہیں، وجود ختم ہو جاتا ہے اور خلش باقی رہ جاتی ہے اور اسی خلش کو انسان اپنے اندر دبائے خود بھی دنیا سے رخصت ہو جاتا ہے۔ان باتوں کو اسے قلم بند کرنا کافی مشکل رہا ہو گا کہ کس طرح ایک مہذب انسان اخلاقیات کی دیوار کو گرا دیتاہے اور تمام تر حدوں کو پس پشت ڈال کر رستہ تبدیل کرنے پر مجبور ہو جاتا ہے۔ مشرف ذوقی کے ناول میں ایک الگ ہی دنیا آباد ہے۔جہاں تہذیب ختم ہو رہی ہے یا اس کا انداز بدل رہا ہے اور دنیا میں کیا کیا مسائل ابھر رہے ہیں وہاں مصنف نے اس المیہ کو واضح کیا ہے کہ انسان جتنی بھی ترقی کرلے بے شک ترقی کی جدوجہد کو پار کرتا ہوا زندگی کی ہر خواہش کو پورا کر لے پھر بھی وہ اپنے اندر کے جانور کو ختم نہیں کر سکتا۔بات یہاں یہ سامنے آتی ہے کہ کیسی ترقی، کس کی ، کہاں کی ترقی، جب انسان اپنے اندر کا جانور ہی ختم نہیں کر پایا۔مصنف نفسیات کی اہمیت پر زور دیتے ہوئے نظر آتا ہے اور بتاتا ہے کہ ایک فکشن نگار تب تک ایک اچھا فکشن قطعی تخلیق نہیں کر سکتا جب تک وہ انسان کی سائیکی پرگرفت نہ کر لے۔ انسان کے سماجی روابط اورنفسیات کا...
Religious extremism has become one of the main problems of the world today and many non-Muslims believe that religious extremism is synonymous to Islam. This article discussed the topic of religious extremism and presents the solution to the problem. The Quran used the word ‘Ghuluw’ which can fairly be translated as extremism. The term is defined as ‘elevating someone or something to a level higher than its true reality’. If we look carefully into Islamic teachings we will see that Islam does not approved extremism, especially with regard to religion. Islam not only disapproved extremism, but also urges us to be moderate and disassociate ourselves from extremism.
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ophthalmic disease with complex aetiologyand is considered to be one of the major reasons of blindness in aged population. Inflammatory processes are suggested to play an important role in AMD pathogenesis and its progression. The present cross sectional and case-control study was carried out to investigate the role of inflammatory markers and angiogenic growth factors in AMD pathogenesis. Diagnosis was done through slit lamp examination, OCT and FFA. Normotensive and non-diabetic subjects aged ≥50 years diagnosed with AMD were selected. Age matched healthy individuals with no symptoms of AMD were selected as controls. Serum lipids, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), leptin, HTRA1, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-reactive protein (CRP) and complimentary factor H (CFH) were determined in patients and controls. Genotype analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-6 gene (rs1800795; rs1800796; rs1800797); IL-8 gene (rs4073; rs2227306; rs2227543); VEGF gene (rs3025039; rs699947) and CRP gene (rs1205; rs1130864) were done through restriction fragment length polymorphism. Data were computed through SPSS version 18.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) and Graph Pad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA). Data sets were compared between control and AMD patients through student’s t-test. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared through χ 2 . Significance level was p<0.05. Since the data were obtained from a sample population, to reduce heterogeneity of error, Box-Cox transformation algorithm was applied. Multivariate analysis of variance (M-ANOVA) was applied on the transformed data to investigate association of serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and CRP with AMD. Transformed data showed elevated serum levels of IL-8 (p<0.015) and VEGF (p<0.0108) and reduced ApoE (p<0.032) in AMD patients compared to control subjects. Serum VEGF levels were significantly raised (p<0.0001) in wet AMD patients compared to the dry AMD patients. The IL-6 levels were significantly high in patients with genotype GG for rs4073(p<0.0001). IL-8 levels were significantly high in patients with genotype GG for rs2227543(p<0.002). Significantly high VEGF levels were observed in patients xwith genotype TT for rs3025039(p<0.038). CRP levels did not change significantly with respect to genotype forrs1205 and rs1130864. The study concludes that inflammatory markers and angiogenic growth factors are significantly altered in AMD pathogenesis. Significant findings of the present study which are pertinent to mention is that altered levels of inflammatory markers and angiogenic factors are related to the genetic polymorphism for IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF genes. However, SNPs in relation to CRP were not related to serum CRP levelsin AMD patients.