Kitabiyyah Mother and Ḥaḍanah of the Muslim Child: Religious and Legal Practices in Pakistan

The article attempts to analyze the religious and legal practices inside Pakistan regarding the issue of the kitabiyyah mother and ḥaḍanah of any Muslim child. The discussion primarily addresses the major issues emphasizing kitabiyyah mother and her relatives’ right to retain the custody of the Muslim child, and duration of ḥaḍanah under the supervision of kitabiyyah mother in shari‘ah and Pakistani Family Laws. Furthermore, it argues that kitabiyyah mother is permitted to raise the Muslim child according to her faith under both Islamic and Pakistani Family Laws. The article is delimited to the opinions of four Sunni schools of thoughts, Statute law, and Case laws. Nonetheless, in-depth comparative analysis has been carried out in most persuasive way to examine the rules related to kitabiyyah mother in custody of Muslim child after divorce under both Islamic Law, and Case Laws in Pakistan. Additionally, the existing similarities and differences consequent to religious differences have also been appropriately figured out to point out plausible way forward to address prevailing schism. Contradictions between the legal practices and Islamic law need keen attention Islamic and legal scholars to carefully craft to harmonize both in the best interest of child.

Organizational Socialization and Work Identity: Role of Person-Environment Fit and Social Validation

The present study aims to examine the impact of organizational socialization strategies on work identity of newly hired employees that is team identity, professional identity and organizational identity through perceived social validation. It is also proposed that person environment fit moderates the relationship between socialization and perceived social validation. The moderated mediation model has been proposed on the basis of Social identity theory by explaining process of categorization, uncertainty reduction and self-enhancement. Data gathered through questionnaires from 350 new employees of service and manufacturing industry and was collected on time-lagged design that was comprised on three different time spans with 2 months’ gap in each time interval. The significance of the study is that it is to make refinement in the social identity theory by testing how social validation (mediator) and person environment fit (moderator) taken in the study can authenticate the two fundamental needs of social identity theory which are uncertainty reduction and self enhancement. Data was analyzed using SEM for main & indirect effects,for moderation analysis, Hayes PROCESS was applied. Results support our main and indirect effects. Main effects are relationship of organizational socialization and different types of identities (Organizational identity, Team identity & Professional identity) whereas indirect effects are the mediating role of perceived social validation by coworker & supervisor between organizational socialization and the identities.However, moderation showed directional but insignificant effect which means that PE Fit neither strengthen nor weaken the relationship between organizational socialization (OS) and perceived social validation (PSV). Moreover, the study is helpful for HR Managers to opt for socialization strategies to build identification and to attract the new employees