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اسلامی معاشی نظام میں حق قبضہ و تصرف کے اختیارات

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Naseer, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Islamic studies

Language

Urdu

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12084/1/Muhammad%20naseer%20islamic%20studies%20uok%20karachi.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725349572

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Allah (swt) bestowed two sources for the guidance of human beings: 1. Prophets of Islam 2. Heavenly books Our prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) declared, "I am the last prophet of Islam and after me no prophet will come to guide". And "the Islamic scholars (Yf)(learned persons) are the successors of prophets". In the last Wedescended Quran-e-Hakeem through our prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) as a gift for Islam for the human beings. This is the responsibilities of Muslims to take part in its publications till the Resurrection for betterment of Muslims in the world and the world after the death. Therefore the work of prosperity of religion of Islam after the (Sahaba), the companion of our prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), Islamic Scholars and the persons who well versed in Islamic Laws lend their shoulders towards the prosperity of Islam. Inshallah this will continued tillthe Day of Judgment (i.e. Resurrection). There is no doubt that Islam is a universal rule of life. This is the religion which requisites according to the situation of all periods and it covers all sections of our life. Islam instructs about all up and down of our life. In human society for mutual transaction "The possession" acts as the backbone. Rather you can say mutual transaction is totally depends on "possession". Financial transactions are continuing since olden times before and after Islam. We noted that in every period the forms of possession do change. Due to this reason different forms of possessions came into existence. That is why it creates lot of new problems and the different ideas of possessions. This is not the end it is still going on. No doubt this topic surrounds many kinds of financial transaction. We can guess due to non- acquaintance about possessions, in general it is happening. As for example if someone buys something and before taking possessions of the same it is unlawful to sell it. But now a days, unfortunately this types of things are very common in the markets. Therefore it is essential to bring this in the knowledge to get fully acquaintance of the possessions so that all Muslims must know about its reality. After getting acquaintance Muslims can mould themselves according to Islamic laws. Although we worked in two languages Urdu and English on this but due to brief and lack of comprehension it didn''t clarify properly. Therefore we do feel to write on this topic a ResearchArticle which should be in our national language and should be a perfect and easily understandable. Keep in view the importance of this topic is being selected for the degree of Philosophy (Phd.).In view of the Quran and the Hadis we must study the concerned problems in such a way that one works on this in future will be helpful to him. Basic parts and limitations of the topic This article consists of one preface along with six chapters with one conclusion. In this preface topic in being introduced. First chapter is concerning with old and new economic theories. In this you will find old concept of economic activities of Greek old Arabic economic system during pagun states, commercial market and centres of Arabia, famous commercial shapes of ignorance, Islamic point of view regarding buying during ignorance and Modern Economic Theories been discussed in detail. Second chapter is regarding fact of possession and its introduction. In this there is definition of possession concept, of possession in FiqahMaalki. There are two elemtnts of possession in FiqahMaalkifirst steps / degrees of possession and second conditions and prevention of possession. Concept of Humbly consists of extra neous/terminologies irrelevant and internal/domesticconcept of possession according to FiqahShafai Concept of possession FiqahHanafi. Kinds of possession in accordance to legislation/claims and possession of moveable and immovable things, possession against expenditure and witness are mentioned in detail. Third chapter in regarding buying and selling. In this it is explained whether before getting possession it is wrong or false. According to Islamic Laws, buying and selling is strictly prohibited from movable and immovable before possessions. But there are some exceptions in it. Some scholars (Fuqha) say it is prohibited while somesay that there are some exceptions and specifications. In this chapter scholars (Imams-[Z) put a detailed light on their reasons, proofs and opinion. In this chapter it is mentioned about the international trade too, Fourth chapter is regarding buying and selling of old system. In this chapter all the possibilities of buying and selling by seller according to all processes of business and money in detail. Fifth chapter is regarding the buying and selling of modern methods. In which buying and selling of shared specification of shares, rights of given name to any business like trade mark and their kinds, trade name and sale of trade markcommercial license and its buying and selling. Buying and selling an instalments and all supported by proof is being mentioned in it. Sixth chapter is indicating financial documents. In which there are three kinds of sellers (+­Zß) definition of quotation members of quotation, condition of quotation, definition of cheques, limitation of cheques, few important kinds of cheques, Bill of Exchange and its few famous kinds, lawful alternateof Bill of Exchange, different kinds of credit cards and their Islamic rules, facts of bonds and its definition. At the end there is conclusion of the article. Hope that this article will prove an important document regarding authorities of the rights of possessions and expenditure. And inshallah this will be a source and a support for those who intend to work on Islamic Legislation. I pray to Allah (swt) to accept this abject endeavor and bestowed propitiatory acceptance for my parents, teachers and make them a way to get rid of them.
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مسلح تصادم کے دوران و ما بعد غیر مقاتلین کے حقوق

Islam is a religion of peace and values the sanctity of life and blood. It clearly prohibits unlawful killing. However,   it is also a  fact that observing this rule is very difficult during an armed conflict but still Islam has laid down  clear injunctions about this. It has divided the belligerent groups into combatants and non-combatants and the rights of each one has been mentioned. In this article the later has been discussed. In this regard verses from the Holy Qura’n, Traditions of the Prophet (PBUH) and views of the  jurists  have been quoted. All of them guarantee sanctity of life of non-combatants. At the end, relevant articles of the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) have also been quoted, which are in  consonance with the teachings of Islam.

Study of Hydrogel Based Controlled Release Drug Delivery System for Captopril and its In-Vitro, In-Vivo Evaluation

A foremost step towards controlled and targeted administration of therapeutic agents is development of new drug delivery systems. Oral administration is mostly preferred and desired as a non-invasive mean of providing drug at controlled rate. In present research work, hydrogels were prepared for controlled release of captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used for the treatment of hypertension. Three types of hydrogel formulations were prepared by different proportions of polymers and monomers. A chemical crosslinking method, free radical polymerization was selected for synthesis of polymeric networks, involving use of thermostatic water bath as well as induction by microwave radiations. A microwave assisted hydrogel synthesis, was used for preparation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-graft-poly(vinyl alcohol)-co-poly(acrylic acid) copolymeric network. N,N-methylenebisacrylamide and potassium persulfate (KPS) were used as crosslinking agent and initiator, respectively. Formulations with same combinations of polymers and monomers were also prepared by utilizing conventional thermostatic water bath. The hydrogels obtained by these techniques were compared with each other in terms of morphological properties, swelling ratios, drug loading and drug release behavior. The hydrogel formulations were also prepared by crosslinking of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1- propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and acrylic acid with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). These hydrogels had shown higher ability to absorb and retain aqueous solutions and solute particles. Another type of polymeric network was synthesized under influence of microwaves radiations, with lower initiator concentration, by crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS). They have ability to exhibit relatively higher swelling behavior at pH 2 in comparison to pH 7.4 and have gastro retentive characteristics. Due to their massive swelling tendencies, these could be retained in stomach and unable to pass through next segment of gastrointestinal tract. Thus, after oral administration of captopril loaded hydrogels, they could have ability to release drug continuously at acidic pH of stomach, in a control manner for longer time periods. The results of drug release are according to swelling powers of formed copolymeric hydrogels. 6 All types of hydrogel formulations prepared were evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo analytical procedures. The in-vitro characterization was done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling properties, drug loading and release. The drug release was evaluated by the application of zero order kinetics, first order kinetics, Higuchi model, Korsmayer-Peppas model and Weibull model. The hydrogels selected on the basis of their in-vitro evaluation were subjected to in-vivo characterization. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, with UV detector was utilized for in-vivo characterization. The study was performed on twenty four rabbits and liquid-liquid extraction procedure was used for separation of captopril from plasma samples. The bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by kinetica (version 5.0). The maximum concentration (Cmax) of captopril was reduced while time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) was increased by hydrogels in comparison to control (free drug enclosed in hard gelatin capsules). The values of area under curve AUC (calculated by trapezoidal rule) and elimination half-life were higher for controlled release hydrogel formulations than control. The drug could be available for longer periods of time after administration of captopril loaded hydrogels, maintaining optimum concentration in blood, exerting its efficacious effects as an antihypertensive therapeutic agent.