Research on Akhlaq Development: The Standard Character and its Development in Muslim Living

Knowledge without its moral disposition is of no benefit. The virtues of knowledge without hidāyat are useless and vice versa. Man is advised to control his behavior as he will be questioned for his deeds. Faith is not a matter of words but of accepting Allah’s will and striving in his cause. Every soul shall have a taste of death and on the Day of Judgment will be paid full recompense for his deeds. The one who is admitted to heaven would attain the object of life. This object is achieved by moral character. It shapes an individual in a way conducive to the unfettered growth of good, virtue and truth in every sphere of life. It gives full play to the forces of going in all directions. Also it removes all impediments in the path of virtue. It eradicates evils from social plan by prohibiting the causes of its appearance and growth, by closing the inlets through which it creeps into a society. It saves from all sorts of human weaknesses and counsels of pseudo-wisdom, self respect that keeps breaking-in and resists all evils. This is attained by exercising highest patience and self restraint. It signifies the entire scheme of life and not any isolated part or parts thereof. Akhlāq develops an attitude in a person by which every moral valuation, every decision as to the practical course for whatever the individual would prefer in his life to take for ultimate success.

Synthesis of Purine Derivatives As Potential Antithyroid Agents

Various purine derivatives mainly 6 and 8-substituted sulfanylpurines were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antithyroid activity. The basic theme of the research work originated from the idea of combining the two most popular existing antithyroid drugs, namely propylthiouracil (1) and methimazole (2), into a single molecule to get the combined effect of both drugs through a single compound. Interestingly it resulted in 2,8-disulfanyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one (86). The compound was prepared using known method and three major series along with some individual compounds were also synthesized because the structural properties of the purines and their ability to complex with molecular iodine made them potential antithyroid compounds. In this regard, a series of 8-(alkylsulfanyl)-3,9-dihydro-1H- purine-2,6-diones (144-148) was synthesized using 8-sulfanyl-5,9-dihydro-1H-purine- 2,6-dione (84) and respective alkyl halides in aqueous solution; a second series of 6- (Alkylsulfanyl)-9H-purines (149-159) was synthesized using 6-sulfanylpurine monohydrate and respective alkyl halides in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Similarly, ethyl (9H-purin-6-ylsulfanyl)acetate (162) was synthesized using 6- sulfanylpurine monohydrate, triethylamine and ethyl chloroacetate in ethanol and 2-(9H- purin-6-sulfanyl)acetohydrazide (163). Ethyl (9H-purin-6-sulfanyl)acetate (162) and hydrazine hydrate were refluxed in ethanol to get the desired product. Both conventional and microwave assisted methods were used. Microwave assisted heating reduced the reaction time and improved the yield. A series of N''-[Substituted phenylmethylidene]-2- (79-purin-6-sulfanyl)acetohydrazides (164-172) was also synthesized by heating 163 and substituted benzaldehydes in ethanol under reflux. The compounds were studied in vitro as well as in vivo for determining their antithyroid effects. Fortunately, most of them showed significant antithyroid activity with a few to be exceptionally good in this respect. The successful exposition of the synthesized compounds endorsed the idea of the research programme. It is certainly not the end but a new start. The 6 and 8 substituted purine derivatives may now be categorized as a new class of antithyroid agents. These compounds can be used as alternate drugs for popular benefit after completing the requisite procedures like evaluation of cytotoxicity, determining metabolic route and clinical trial etc.