کا تنقیدی جائزہ the First Muslim- the Story of Muhammad لیزلے ہزلٹن کی کتاب

Allah sent his prophets for the guidance of the Human beings. Prophet Muḥammad (SAW) was the last of them. In the short span of only twenty three years, he changed the scenario of the world through the teachings of Islam. Apart from countless Muslims, the Non Muslim scholars also wrote about his life. Lesley Hazleton is a Non Muslims scholar wrote "The First Muslim-The Story of Muhammad". This book is divided into three parts; 1 The Orphan, 2 Exile & 3 The Leader. She expressed her views about the Prophet in her book openly. Many times she praises the prophet (SAW) for his achievements but like her successors, she criticizes his life. Sometimes she criticizes the family (forefathers) of the prophet, sometimes, in soft words criticizes the family life and polygamy of the Prophet (SAW). This research paper discusses her approach to the life of the Prophet (Seerah) in the light of her book.

Effect of Low-Dose Ketamine Versus Fentanyl on Attenuating the Haemodynamic Response to Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation in Patients Undergoing General Anaesthesia at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi

Background: The use of drugs to attenuate the haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation is the standard of care during elective surgery. Current evidence is conflicting concerning the best agent and optimal dose for this purpose. In the majority of cases, Fentanyl is widely utilized to attenuate haemodynamic responses. Ketamine, an established available drug, has been scarcely studied in this regard at low doses and against varying doses of other common agents. Objective: The primary objective was to compare the overall occurrence of hypertension and tachycardia immediately pre-intubation (post-induction) until 10 minutes post intubation between the study group receiving fentanyl at 1.0 μg/kg and the other receiving Ketamine at 0.5 mg/kg. The secondary objectives were to compare the occurrence of post-induction hypotension and the occurrence of neuropsychiatric phenomena during emergence between the two groups. Primary outcome measure: Increase of Blood Pressure (systolic, mean arterial or diastolic) and Heart Rate >20% from the baseline. Secondary outcome measures: Decrease in Blood Pressure (post induction) >20% from baseline; Occurrence of neuropsychiatric manifestations. Study Setting: The Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. Study Design: A prospective, double blind, superiority, randomized control trial. Sample size: A sample size of 108 participants, 54 in the Fentanyl arm and 54 in the Ketamine arm. Study population: ASA I and II patients aged 18-65 years scheduled for theatre for non-emergent surgery. Anaesthetic Procedure: 108 adult patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups corresponding to the drugs used for induction: (a) Fentanyl (1.0 μg/kg) added to Propofol (2.0 mg/kg) and Cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg) (F, n = 54) and (b) Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) added to Propofol (2.0 mg/kg) and Cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg) (K, n = 54), and haemodynamic responses evaluated by determining heart rate and blood pressure immediately before laryngoscopy and at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 minutes. This was in addition to standard of care. Data collection: Data was collected using a data collection tool (see appendix). Patients’ baseline characteristics, systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate at baseline then at minute 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 were recorded. Results: 108 ASA I and II patients scheduled to undergo elective surgery were included in this study, 54 participants (50%) in the Fentanyl arm and 54 (50%) in the Ketamine arm. Baseline demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. There were more hypertensive episodes in the Ketamine arm (11%) compared to the