Different series of polycrystalline superconductor, Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4-xMgxCu5O14-δ (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3), (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca2Cu3-yGeyO10-d (y = 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) and (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca3(Cu4-yGey)O12-d (y = 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9) have been synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The structure and physical properties were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), resistivity, ac-susceptibility and Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray diffraction scans of polycrystalline samples of Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4-xMgxCu5O14-δ (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3) samples show tetragonal structure following P4/mmm space group. The dominant phase in x = 0 sample is CuTl- 1234 while the remaining all Mg doped samples show the projected CuTl-1245 phase with a small inclusion of impurity phases. It suggests that the presence of Mg plays a very vital role in synthesis of five planar CuTl-1245 compounds. With the partial substitution of Ca with Mg in the samples, the CuO2 planes become uniformly doped due to improved inter-planer coupling which results in the enhancement of Tc (R = 0) as well as the magnitude of diamagnetism. Further superconducting properties of the samples have been enhanced by carrying out annealing experiments in nitrogen air and oxygen atmospheres. The enhanced superconductivity in different annealing environments have been attributed to the optimization of carrier density in the OPs and the IPs. Oxygen annealed samples show the best superconductivity among all, which have been attributed to the optimization of carrier concentration in the CuO2 planes and improved weak link behavior due to the intercalation of the oxygen in the unit cell and at the intra-grain and inter-grain sites. Superconductivity in the Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Mg2Cu5O14-d superconductor has been optimized by varying both time and temperature during the air annealing experiments by attaining Tc ~ 132 K. In (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca2Cu3-yGeyO10-d (y = 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) samples, synthesized at 860oC, y = 0 and 0.5 show the CuTl-1223 tetragonal phase but y = 0.75 and 1.0 develop CuTl-1234 as the dominant phase. It indicates that the substitution of Ge lowers the synthesis temperature and for single phase sample, temperature less than 860oC seems more plausible. Four planar Ge doped (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca3(Cu4-yGey)O12-d (y = 0, 0.3, 0.6 0.9) superconductors were prepared at 870oC rather than 880oC and investigated for their superconducting properties. X-ray diffraction scans of the samples confirm the CuTl-1234 phase. Increased Ge substitution at the Cu planar sites has been found to suppress the superconducting properties of the samples. Possible causes include the impurity scattering and the carrier depletion due the replacement of Cu2+ ions with Ge4+ ions. The superconductivity has been restored by carrier doping through annealing processes. FTIR analysis has also been conducted and the role Ge in the variations of different phonon modes has been discussed. Also the effect of oxygen annealing on these phonon modes have been observed and analyzed. The fluctuation induced conductivity of Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4−xMgxCu5O14−δ (x = 1, 2) and Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu2M1O10-d (M =Si, Sn, Ge) superconductor samples has been done. FIC data of the as-prepared Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4−xMgxCu5O14−δ (x = 1) sample does not fit with 2D, 3D AL equations, but for x = 2 and the oxygen annealed samples seem to fit well with 2DAL, 3D AL equations with two distinct cross over temperatures. In the samples the interlayer coupling strength J is found to increase with increased Mg content and oxygen post annealing. Higher concentration of Mg seems to lower the anisotropy along the c-axis and thus improves the inter-planer coupling. It results in 2D to 3D cross over of the conductivity and enhancement of the interlayer coupling strength J. The 2D to 3D cross over and higher J values in post annealed samples can be attributed to the change in the carrier concentration in the CuO2 planes, and improved weak link behavior, brought about by the intercalation of the oxygen in the charge reservoir layer. The excess- conductivity data of Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu2M1O10-d (M = Si, Sn and Ge) samples also shows two cross over temperatures and three distinct exponents. Si and Sn doped samples with almost same critical temperature have not shown much diversity in different parameters such as room temperature resistivity, transition width, a (rN 0 K) etc. Similarly not much difference is seen in the dimensionality exponents and the corresponding temperature ranges. The Ge doped sample with lower critical temperature has shown different FIC parameters with large transition width. Ge doped sample has shown higher 3D character; in this sample 2D fluctuations are found in very small temperature range. Here a possible link between the confinement of the 2D fluctuations to a narrow temperature window and the lower critical temperature of the Ge doped sample can be conjectured but not claimed.
میرواعظ مولوی محمد فاروق صاحب کی شہادت میرواعظ مولوی محمدفاروق کچھ سر پھروں کی گولیوں سے چھلنی ہوکر شہید ہوگئے۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْن ط یہ خبر جیسے ہی عوام تک پہنچی، سب ہی پرسکتہ ساچھا گیا، ہرشخص غم وصدمہ کے سمندر میں ڈوب گیا، کیونکہ میرواعظ ؒ ایک قابل احترام ہستی کانام تھا، وہ کشمیری عوام کے ہی محترم رہنما نہ تھے ،بلکہ ملّتِ اسلامیہ ہند کے سچے رہنما تھے۔ عالم وعابد اورزاہد تھے۔بڑے ہی وضعدار انسان تھے۔ہرشخص سے مروت واخلاق کے ساتھ ملتے تھے۔ ۱۹۸۶ء میں راقم اپنے رفیق فخرالدین صاحب کے ہمراہ سری نگر گیاتو حضرت میرواعظؒ ہی کے یہاں قیام کیا۔ اس دوران میں ان کی میزبانی کے جوہر وآداب کامشاہدہ تو ہواہی، ساتھ ان کی تقویٰ وعبادت سے لبریز زندگی، ان کے اعلیٰ اخلاق وبہترین ومثالی کردار کے جونمونے نظروں کے سامنے آئے اس کے پیش نظر راقم یہ کہے بغیر نہ رہے گاکہ کشمیر میں ان کی شخصیت اسلامی کردار وعمل تقویٰ وریاضت اور ملک وقوم کی ہمدردی ومحبت میں منفرد تھی۔ ہزاروں سال نرگس اپنی بے نوری پہ رُوتی ہے بڑی مشکل سے ہوتا ہے جہاں میں دیدہ ور پیدا قبلہ ابّاجان حضرت مفتی عتیق الرحمن عثمانیؒ اوران کے قائم کیے ہوئے ادارہ ندوۃ المصنفین سے جوان کو لگاؤ وعقیدت تھی وہ اظہر من الشمس ہے ،وہ اس ادارہ سے دلی وابستگی کابرملا اظہار کیاکرتے، اس کی امداد واعانت کے لیے ہمیشہ پیش پیش رہتے۔ ان کی شہادت سے ادارہ ندوہ المصنفین کاذاتی نقصان ہواہے،لیکن اﷲ پاک نے ان کو ان کے بہترین عمل وکردار کی بدولت جوشہادت کا مرتبہ دیا ہے اس سے انہیں مقرب الٰہی رحمت خاص اورجنت کاجومژدہ ملاہے اس پر ہر مسلمان کورشک ہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے متعلقین اورہم سب کو صبرجمیل عطا فرمائے،آمین۔ ان کے صاحبزادے اور ان کی جگہ میرواعظ مولوی عمر فاروق...
The purpose of this research was to determine the existence of the Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo in increasing the income of the people of East Pentadio Village. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research approach, using interview instruments with various informants. The results using Samuelson's theory about the factors that influence income, show that the existence of the Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo is able to increase the income of the people of East Pentadio Village. However, the current existence of the campus has not been fully utilized by the community in increasing the income of the people of East Pentadio Village. There are still many outsiders who take advantage of the opportunity of the existence of the Muhammadiyah University of Gorontalo by making larger businesses in the campus area so that community businesses that are built simply with little capital experience competition. The low level of education of rural communities makes the business that is built still not optimal and makes the community less creative and innovative in entrepreneurship. This also causes people to easily give up when experiencing losses.
Green Synthesis of Fluorinated Arenes, Benzoxazinones and Benzamides Three different types of reactions (Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, carbonylation reaction and oxidation reaction) were employed to synthesize an assortment of diverse aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Fluorinated heterocycles are frequently found in pharmaceuticals, drug candidates, ligands for transition metal catalysts and other molecular functional materials, so efficient methods for the synthesis of these compounds are of significant value. We described a selective strategy for the synthesis of poly-substituted pyridines. The Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of 2,6-dichloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine with one equivalent of aryl boronic acids resulted in site-selective formation of 2-aryl-6-chloro- 3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine. Due to electronic reasons, the reaction takes place at the sterically more hindered position. The reactions proceeded smoothly in the absence of phosphine ligands. A general and convenient methodology for 2-amino benzoxazinones synthesis has been developed. Radially available 2-bromoanilines and isocyanates were used as substrates and diverse products have been prepared in good yields. Notably, Mo(CO)6 as a solid CO source was applied instead of gas. x A general procedure for oxidation of both benzyl alcohols and alkyl alcohols to primary amides under catalyst free conditions has been developed. More than 25 examples of primary amides were produced from their corresponding alcohols in moderate to excellent yields. This is a practical procedure for primary amides synthesis, water and tert-butanol are the only by-products.