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Home > Analysis of the Pathogenic Applications of Aspergillus Species Against Acridid Grasshoppers of Agriculture Importance in Sindh

Analysis of the Pathogenic Applications of Aspergillus Species Against Acridid Grasshoppers of Agriculture Importance in Sindh

Thesis Info

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Author

Kumar, Santosh

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Sindh

City

Jamshoro

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Natural Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8860/1/Mr.%20Santosh%20Kumar%20Ph.D%20Thesis%20%28Zoology%29.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725377734

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Aspergillus species registered world-wide for grasshoppers and locusts control. This practice is currently under consideration as a potential alternative to chemical insecticides for grasshopper control in Pakistan. Grasshoppers are major agricultural pests. They destroyed the rice, sugarcane, wheat, maize and fodder crops in everywhere. For control of this pest several pesticides of billion rupees are used indiscriminately in every year. On the other hand, these chemicals are injurious and health hazardous effects on living creature and their environment. So, there should be suitable, beneficial and cheap alternative of these poisonous chemical. For this purpose the biological control is very important therefore, an attempt was made to introduce pathogenic fungi, against the reduction of acridid population in Sindh. During the present study, a total of 2520 specimens pertaining to 06 sub-families of Acrididae were collected from different ecological zones of Sindh. The isolation percentage of entomopathogenic fungi and their association with pest species of grasshopper has been presented in comparative manner. Total No. of isolated percentage of Aspergillus niger was reported 6.77% and 5.64% on Acrida exaltata and A. gigantea respectively, in sub-family Acridinae, 6.21% in Acrotylus humbertianus of Oedipodinae and 5.08% Truxalis exmia exmia contaminated with A. fumigatus and Oxya fuscovittata infected 5.08% with A. flavus. The order of prevalence of grasshopper’s species varying in both selected region. Lethal infection level of entomopathogenic fungi from lower Sindh, site-I indicates that significant highest No. of sporulation was recorded for A. gigantea and A. exaltata i.e 71.42% and 68.42% respectively, while unknown fungal infection was 36.36% followed by 31.57% on Phlaeoba tenebrosa and A. exaltata respectively. It was observed that infestation ratio of entomopathogenic fungi vary species to species in different localities. Beside this, observations taken under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that there is significant difference in coloration and phialides pattern of three Aspergillus species including two unknown fungi. SEM results regarding spectrum acquisition indicate that normal weightage % of Oxygen (O2) was highest i.e 56.19% followed by 42.60% for Carbon (C) and very least ratio i.e 1.21% for Sodium (Na) was observed in A. niger. As far as, chemical composition of A. flavus is concerned the normal weightage % for Carbon (C) was 52.33% followed by Oxygen (O2) i.e 46.84% opposing to this, least percentage was calculated for Sodium (Na) 0.83%. In case of A. fumigatus the greater normal weightage % was found for Oxygen (O2) i.e 54.61% followed by 43.92% for Carbon (C). Food consumption and faecal production by the insects treated with different formulation of the Aspergillus species were analyzed under laboratory conditions. Three replicates i.e A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. niger excluding control. It seems that greater reduction in faecal production was noticed after the treatment of oil formulation. Reduction in feeding of the infected insects stages (N1 to N3) was started after treatment of 1st to 2nd day. Significant reduction in faecal production was noted from 1st to 4th day after that all immature consists on (N1 to N3) stages were died except few individuals. However, mortality of insects on day first was noted significantly highest i.e [F0.48 = 84.65, P < 0.05] followed by [F0.35 = 61.96, P < 0.05] and [F0.27 = 48.00, P < 0.05] on day 4th and 2nd respectively. Beside this, it was extremely low [F0.17 = 30.54, P < 0.05] on day 3rd. As for as developmental stage of (N4 to N6) are concerned their faecal production was significantly reduce on 2nd day i.e [F0.18 = 32.29, P < 0.05]. The faecal production of Acridid (adults) when treated with conidial concentration in H2O was found maximum on first day. Mortality of Acridid adults suggest that maximum casualties were noted on day 7th i.e [F13.7 = 23.56, P < 0.05] followed by [F12.5 = 21.82, P < 0.05] on 6th day and minimum mortality i.e [F0.44 = 77.67, P < 0.05] was on day 1st followed by [F0.77 = 35.26, P < 0.05] on 3rd day. The results showed that cumulative percent of faecal material of the treated insect with various pathogenic fungi was significantly differ with control whereas other three treatments having significant impact on the food consumption and feeding behaviour, even as the mortality of Acridid when treated with H2O formulation, indicate that maximum mortality of individual was record on day 8th i-e [F1.00 = 02.62, P < 0.05] whilst, it was significantly low i.e [F0.06 = 11.34, P < 0.05] and [F0.02 = 04.36, P < 0.05] on day 1st and 2nd. However, mortality of these adult individual were non-significant from day 3rd to 7th respectively. During the present investigation, it was noted that insect pathogen unlike chemical insecticides don’t have quick response on pest feeding but, after 2 nd day insect gradually reduce its feeding. Sexual reproductive activities of Hieroglyphus oryzivorus were also affected by the infection of Aspergillus. It was noticed that infected insects altered their thermoregulatory response and showed very interesting behavioral changing that include: insect’s feeding stopped completely, poor coordination, jerky movements, excessive grooming, loss of orientation, confuse during mating, short mating , drop egg without searching oviposition site, ecdysis process slow or complete stop, Behavioral fever (body temperature raised) and body fat accumulation was also reduced. Present study recommends that exploration and screening must be conducted to provide additional pathogens for evaluation as potential biological control against grasshoppers and locusts.
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مفتی محمد انوار الحق

مفتی محمد انوار الحق
بھوپال سے مفتی محمد انوار الحق صاحب ایم اے سابق وزیر تعلیم و حال وزیر مالیات بھوپال کی وفات کی افسوس ناک خبر آئی ہے، موصوف صاحب علم اور محب دین تھے، ان کی قلمی خدمات اور تحریری مجاہدات بھی خاص ذکر کے قابل ہیں، تاریخ ابوالبشر، اثبات واجب الوجود اور دوسری مذہبی کتابیں جدیدتعلیم یافتہ طبقہ کے لیے بہت مفید ثابت ہوئیں، عمر بھی علمی و تعلیمی کاموں کی مشغولیت کے باوجود اخیر عمر میں سرکار بھوپال کے مالیات کے صیغہ کو جس خوبی سے سنبھالا، دوست و دشمن ہر ایک نے اس کی تحسین کی، اﷲ تعالیٰ اپنے خزانہ رحمت سے اس علم و عمل کے مجسمہ کو سرفراز فرمائے۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۴۰ء)

Jihad Against Terrorism: A Response to Robert Spencer’s Views on Jihad

The word Jihād has been awfully misinterpreted in the post 9/11 literature. Quite a few critics of Islam have deliberately used Jihād as synonymous with terrorism. Robert Spencer, a prominent critic of Islamic Jihād, also maintains that Islam teaches violence, intolerance and extremism. The following research article is a critique of Spencer’s views on Islamic concept of jihad. It aims to prove that Islam is a tolerant creed and has nothing to do with violence and terrorism. The Holy Qur’an substantiates this claim and shows that the persecuted Muslim community was allowed to take up arms against the terrorists who not only tormented the innocent people but also expelled them from their native homes.

Characterization of Rice Husk Ash Polymer-Modified Concrete

Concrete is being utilized as construction material in the construction industry worldwide. Nevertheless, it has some inherited deficiencies in terms of tensile strength, flexural strength and durability; such deficiencies lead its limitation on application for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. In order to improve the inbred limitation of concrete, additives like; blast furnace slag, fly ash, rice husk ash, silica flume and other pozzolans are being blended in its production. In fact, inclusion of these materials not only improves the concrete, but also utilizes the abundantly generated wastes thereby contributing to the environmental cleansing. In addition to that lowering of the construction cost and reduction of CO2 emission can be achieved to a relative extent. The utilization of RHA as a cementing material in concrete improves compressive and tensile strength of concrete to a greater extent. Polymeric compounds are being added in concrete to improve strength and durability, but limited utilization of such compounds is reported because of their cost. Hence a new composite, i.e. „Rice Husk Ash PolymerModified Concrete‟ (RHAPMC) is envisaged to use RHA as a supplementary cementing material so as to make concrete more economical and to mitigate some persistent environmental problems. Moreover, for enhancing impermeability of RHA blended concrete a re-dispersible polymer powder is added. The present study is mainly concerned with the techniques necessary to develop and characterize RHAPMC matrix. In the first phase of this study, cement is replaced with extracted locally available RHA which is obtained under different temperatures and burning durations. For in-depth characterization of the extracted RHA, in terms of chemical composition, loss on ignition and strength activity index has been carried out. It has been found that the extracted RHA at a temperature of 800oC for 2hr duration is more efficient as pozzolanic material. Chemical composition, strength activity index and loss on ignition meet the requirement of a pozzolanic material to be used in concrete as per ASTM C 618 standard. Cement was replaced with RHA (800oC-2hr) at dosages of 1 to 15% by weight of cement to study workability, compressive and tensile strength of concrete. A significant strength improvement at 10% replacement of cement with RHA is obvious in experimental outcome but impermeability decreases. In the second phase to improve the impermeability and to further increase strength of RHA blended concrete 1 to 15%dosages of re-dispersible polymer powder (RPP) was added. Workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, bond between steel and concrete, unit weight, water absorption, water permeability, carbonation effect and corrosion potential were investigated. Furthermore, to examine performance of RHAPMC matrix, standard size beams were cast with developed material and load carrying capacity, deflection and mode of failure were examined. It is found that beams cast with RHAPMC improved load carrying capacity with more deflection and prolonged ductile failure as compared to control beams. Based on the conducted research it can be concluded that the investigated physical, mechanical and durability properties of RHAPMC produced with 10% cement replacement by RHA and the inclusion of 5% RPP (by wt. of cement) along with 0.8% super plasticizer (by wt. of total binder) significantly improved than that of control concrete.