An Empirical Evaluation of Budget Implementation on Economic Development in Nigeria

One of the primary goals of this study was to explore how a budget review approach may affect Nigeria's economic development. The reasoning was that the Nigerian economy was being challenged by a variety of imbalances in budget creation and implementation. The study strategy was based on events that occurred after the study was completed, and the data used in the study came from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and the Federal Ministry of Finance. A model was constructed based on both empirical and theoretical investigations in order to achieve this broad goal. The HDI, which was utilized as a measure of development, was the dependent variable in the model. The government's capital budget, recurrent budget, and the speed of annual budget implementation were the other independent variables in the model. They examined data using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model, diagnostic tests such as the test of normality, auto correlation test, and heteroskedasticity test, which proved the validity and reliability of the model they chose; inferential results reveal that the use of budget evaluation had a positive and significant impact on the Nigerian economy. According to the study's suggestions, Nigeria's government should try to increase capital and recurrent expenditures in its annual budget, both of which have a significant impact on economic development. Finally, the government should work to build budget monitoring and review infrastructure that will aid in the effective implementation of large budget expenditures while also ensuring compliance with legal procedures.

Identification Characterization and Bioevaluation of Polyphenols from Martynia Annua Linn.

Martynia annua L. is a medicinal plant found local to sub-continent where it is consumed for self-treatment of various diseases and ailments. The objectives of this study were to analyze different extracts of plant parts using untargeted and targeted metabolic profiling, identification/quantitation of selected compounds and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of all plant part’s extracts. A validated LC-MS/MS method was used for untargeted and targeted analysis of a range of extracts from the plant. Individual plant metabolites were identified/quantified by comparison with authentic standards, published fragmentation profiles and online database matching. For antioxidant activity, three different assays were used. Tetrazolium reduction method was employed to evaluate cytotoxic activity. A total of 89 compounds were identified and their relative abundances were estimated across five separate parts of the plant (leaves, stem, fruits, flowers and roots).Sixteen of these compounds were identified by comparison with authentic standards and were subsequently ascertained in all plant parts. The identity of 18 glycosides compounds were determined by deduction engaging accurate mass, isotope pattern and experimental collision induced dissociation fragmentation spectra. Fifty five compounds were identified putatively by matching with HMDB (Human Metabolome Database). A number of compounds identified at higher abundance which include: homovanilic acid, syringic acid, trans-ferulic acid, apigenin, luteolin, hispidulin and isorhamnetin have biological properties and also estimated their concentration and independently determined biotherapeutic properties. The plant extracts showed significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. These findings significantly extend the plant metabolites identified in the Martynia annua. These results anticipate a biochemical support for future studies addressing bio-therapeutic potential of this plant.