Home > Studies on the Isolation and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from Dodonaea Viscosa and Quercus Baloot and Their Potential As Antibacterial Agents
Studies on the Isolation and Characterization of Secondary Metabolites from Dodonaea Viscosa and Quercus Baloot and Their Potential As Antibacterial Agents
The present studies were aimed to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites responsible for antibacterial activity from medicinal plants present in Pakistan. Two plant species Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jaeq. and Quercus baloot Griff. were selected on the basis of literature review and their traditional uses in ailments related to microorganisms. The n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of Dodonaea viscosa were analyzed for antimicrobial potential against four Gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis (MRL M 1), Bacillus cereus (MRL M 52), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 10240), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538); three Gram negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Salmonella typhi (Cl. I. 140), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9721) and the yeast Candida albicans (Cl. I. 4043). It showed inhibition against S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. The TLC solvent systems for each of the fraction were developed and the resulting chromatograms of the fractions were sterilized using ethylene oxide or dioxane, which were then subjected to contact bioautography. Multiple inhibition zones were observed at different R f values against B. subtilis, M. luteus, E. coli, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans indicating the presence of antimicrobial components. Isolation of the active principles responsible for the antimicrobial activities was attempted through preparative TLC, but it was unable to yield the compounds. The results from the preliminary screening and contact bioautography indicated n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions having good potential in terms of antimicrobial activities, therefore, they were chosen for further investigations. HPLC revealed the presence of large number of metabolites; therefore, further isolation was done using preparative HPLC that resulted in 52 sub-fractions each for n-hexane and n-butanol fractions while 48 sub-fractions were obtained from ethyl acetate fraction. XTT-Bioassay was used in hyphenation with preparative HPLC to mark the antibacterial potential of the emerging sub-fractions. S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were used in all XTT based bioassays. On the basis of bioassay results, six sub-fractions from n-hexane fraction were selected and analyzed upon HPLC in analytical mode, which indicated multiple numbers of compounds in them, thereby, necessitating further isolation. Further fractionation gave 218 sub-sub fractions that were tested against the same two bacteria. The sub-sub fractions indicating antibacterial activity were analyzed upon HPLC and isolation of the compound was possible from the sub-sub fraction no. 12 of sub-fraction 42 of n-hexane fraction of D. viscosa’s crude ethanolic extract. The compound’s MIC’s against S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were 64 μg/ml and 128 μg/mlxviii respectively. The MBC’s against these organisms were 128 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively, which indicated a moderate activity against the Gram-positive bacterium. The structure analyses revealed the compound to be 15, 16-epoxy-cis-cleroda-3, 13(16),14- trien-18-oic acid-18,6-olide, a clerodanefuranolactone, previously known for its structure but this is the first report of its antibacterial potential and its presence in D. viscosa. Quercus baloot fractions were processed in the same manner and were subjected to antimicrobial analysis using similar panel of microorganisms. Preliminary screening using disk diffusion and agar well diffusion methods showed inhibition zones against S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. TLC chromatograms and subsequent contact bioautography showed inhibition zones at different R f values against B. subtilis, M. luteus, E. coli, and S. aureus indicating the presence of antimicrobial components. On the basis of these findings QDM fraction underwent HPLC evaluations that indicated a good number of metabolites; therefore, preparative HPLC was carried out that yielded 52 sub-fractions that were subjected to XTT bioassay to mark the antibacterial potential from which five potential sub-fractions were again analyzed upon HPLC. Each sub-fraction had several compounds, thereby; preparative HPLC was applied that resulted in 175 sub-sub fractions, which were subjected to XTT bioassay using same two bacteria. The sub-sub fractions indicating antibacterial activity were analyzed upon analytical HPLC and isolation of a semi-purified compound was made from the sub-sub fraction no. 15 and 16 of sub-fraction 39 of dichloromethane fraction obtained from Q. baloot’s crude methanolic extract. Its MIC’s against S. aureus (NCIMB 6571) and E. coli (NCIMB 8797) were 16 μg/ml and 128 μg/ml respectively while MBC’s were 64 μg/ml and 256 μg/ml, respectively. This compound requires further purification and characterization. This is the first report of such an activity in Q. baloot.
مارچ 1975 ء میں شائع ہونے والی یہ کتاب اقبال کی ڈائری کے نام سے مشہور ہے۔ بیاض کے مطابق اقبال نے اسے 27 اپریل 1910ء سے لکھنا شروع کیا۔ اقبال نے اپنے خیالات کے اظہار کے لیے اس ڈائری کو انگریزی زبان میں قلم بند کیا ہے۔ اقبال نے مختلف موضوعات پر سرخیوں کے تحت اپنے بعض نہایت اہم خیالات کا اظہار کیا تھا۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق نے اس کا اردو ترجمہ بھی کیا ہے اور ایک گراں قدر مقدمہ بھی لکھا ہے۔ اقبال کی عظمت کااعتراف کرتے ہوئے پروفیسر عبد الحق نے اپنے مقدمہ میں لکھا کہ: دو مسلم مفکرین اور دانشوروں میں مولانا رومی کے بعد شاید اقبال دوسرے صاحب فکر و نظر ہیں، جنہوں نے مصحف سماوی کی آخری برگزیدہ کتاب کے اثر ونفوذ کو فکر وفن کے پیکر میں سمویا ہے ۔ (24) پروفیسر عبد الحق نے اقبال کے مطالعہ فکر میں مصروف رہنے کا ثبوت اقبال کی سوانح اور اقبال کے خطوط کے علاوہ اس ڈائری سے بھی اخذ کیا ہے۔ اقبال کی ہر تحریر کی اہمیت یکساں ہے۔ مگر کچھ ماہرین کی رائے نے مغالطہ پیدا کرنے کی کوشش کی ہے اور صرف کلامِ اقبال ک مطالعہ کا مشورہ دیا ہے جبکہ پروفیسر عبدالحق کا دعویٰ ہے کہ: منظو مات کے ساتھ ساتھ نثری تحریروں کا مطالعہ بھی اتنا ہی اہم ہے (25) جب اقبال کے فکری اسلوب کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو اس بات کا خیال رکھنا چاہیے کہ صرف اقبال کی شاعری پر ہی اکتفا کر لینا کافی نہ ہوگا ۔ جائزے کے لیے اقبال کی ڈائری میں موجود جواہر پر ضرور نظر ڈالنا ہوگی کیونکہ اس بیاض کے مطالعہ سے اقبال کے ادبی نصب امین کے ساتھ ساتھ اقبال کے مطالعے کی وسعت اور متنوع پہلوؤں کا بہ خوبی اندازہ ہوتا ہے۔ اس بیاض میں...
Ideological Challenges of Atheism to the Muslim Societies and their Solutions from Islamic Perspective It’s a matter of fact that Muslim Societies are facing many socio-political and religious challenges within contemporary dominant waves of thought. One of the serious challenges being faced by the Muslim in the current scenario is Atheism. Although in past era, the Atheism couldn’t become influential with general acceptance of commoners but recently, the ideology of Atheism is spreading fast with statistically reported impact on all religions and civilizations. Atheism is a lack of belief in God, gods or any supernatural being along with the rejection of belief that any deities exist. The philosophy of atheism is nothing new, but it has changed its manifestations over a period. This is obvious that Atheism has now become a serious challenge ideologically and morally for Muslim societies. We are living in a fast-changing society, where preservation of Islamic belief is a challenging task particularly for the new young generation and modern educated lot. Atheists use every possible and available mean and tool for preaching their thoughts and beliefs i.e. Print media, electronic media and above all social media. In this context, this study will explore the questions that; what are the effects of Atheism in Muslim Societies and what is its solution in Islamic perspective? Analytical research methodology will be used in this study. This study perceives that the public and private sector universities are the soft target of Atheism. There is suggested legal, ethical & ideological mechanisms to protect Muslim Societies from threat of Atheism.
Indeed, the lack of successful and effective leadership style of secondary school principals in the province of Sindh, particularly in Karachi has resulted poor performance and low students achievement. Therefore, the basic purpose of the study was to examine the leadership styles of the principals in secondary schools of Karachi. The scope of the study was limited to all the secondary schools of Karachi. Seven hypotheses were formulated for the study. Among these, six hypotheses were based on the demographic variables consisted on sex, status of schools, professional qualification, experience, age and marital status. The seventh hypothesis was related to item-by item analysis of the questionnaire on the thirty dimensions of the leadership styles. The population of the study was large and diverse, thus stratified random sampling was used. The total sample size consisted of 300 teachers and 100 principals from 100 schools. Two research instruments, a self-made questionnaire of 30 items and an interview protocol of 4 broad questions were used. In views of the principals, only one hypothesis out of six was rejected and five were upheld. It was concluded, (2) that private secondary school principals were more significant in the effectiveness of school organization than the government school principals. Though, in hypothesis number (1), (3), (4), (5) and (6), no significant differences were found between the leadership styles of male and female, trained and untrained, experienced and less experienced, younger and older, and married and unmarried secondary school principals in the effectiveness of school organization. In views of the teachers, four hypotheses out of six were rejected and two were upheld. It was concluded that in hypothesis number (1), it was found that the leadership styles of female secondary school principals were more superior to male principals in the effectiveness of school organization, (2) private secondary school principals were more superior to government secondary school principals, (3) trained secondary school principals were more superior to untrained secondary school principals and (5) younger secondary school principals were more superior to older secondary school principals in the effectiveness of school organization. Though, in hypothesis number (4) and (6), no significant difference was found between the leadership styles of experienced and less experienced and married and unmarried secondary school principals in the effectiveness of school organization. The collected data was analyzed through the ‘t’ test and ‘chi square’. In the light of the findings, several solid recommendations were made.