حضرت محمدؐ کی ولادت، بچپن اور معجزات
اعتراض نمبر۲۱
شارٹر انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف اسلام میں سال پیدائش کے موضوع پر حسب ذیل تبصرہ پایا جاتا ہے ۔ ’’سال پیدائش ۵۷۰ ء مشتبہ ہے کیونکہ روایات ان کی پیدائش عام الفیل بتا تی ہیں اور ابرہہ کا مکہ پرحملہ اس سال سے قبل ہوا ہوگا ۔
(۲) ’’ لیمن ‘‘نے تاریخ پیدائش میں بہت سے شبہات اس بناء پر پیدا کرنے کوشش کی ہے کہ مدینہ میں آکر آنحضرت ﷺ نے جس فعالیت کا ثبوت دیا وہ کسی معمر اور پچاس سال سے زیادہ عمر والی شخصیت سے متوقع نہیں ہو سکتی ‘ اس وقت عمر بیس یا تیس سال ہونی چاہیے ۔‘‘ ( اسلام ۔پیغمبر اور مستشرقین مغر ب کا ا نداز فکر ۔۲۸۱)
جواب : انسائیکلوپیڈیا کے مولفین سن ۵۷۰ ء سے قبل اور لیمن فعالیت کی بنیاد پر بوقت ہجرت آپ ﷺ کی عمر بیس یا تیس سال کے لگ بھگ قیاس کرتے ہیں ۔ یہ ان کی پرانی طرز اور انوکھی منطق ہے کہ تاریخی مصادر کو چھوڑ کر طبع زاد اور اختراعی و وضعی مفروضوں پر بنیاد رکھتے ہیں جبکہ مفروضہ کو حقیقت سے کوئی علاقہ نہیں ہوتا ۔
کوئی حیدر سلیم اس سے یہ پوچھے
کہ پھونکوں سے کبھی سورج بجھا ہے
آپ ﷺ کی زندگی دو ادوار پر مشتمل ہے ‘ اول مکی دوم مدنی ۔ مکی زندگی تریپن سال اور مدنی زندگی دس سال پر پھیلی ہوئی ہے ۔ لیمن کے بقول آپ ﷺؑکی عمر بوقت ہجرت بیس یا تیس سال ہونا چاہیے تھی اس حساب سے مکی زندگی کے ۳۳ یا ۲۳ سال کو یہ مستشرق بیک جنبش قلم،قلم زد کر دیتا ہے جبکہ تاریخ نے ان سالوں پر محیط واقعات کو اپنے دامن میں سمیٹ رکھا ہے ۔ آگے بڑھنے سے پہلے آپ ﷺ...
The fast advancement in information technology stimulates educational creativity as well. Learning and training practices are often not only carried sout in the traditional manner, but also with the usage of a multitude of learning technologies options. The zoom program is one of the learning resources used in online courses. Zoom was an application developed during the Covid-19 timeframe to address the limitations between educators and students, especially in terms of space and time. With E-learning, educators and students are not limited to one dimension of time and space, and learning will run and neglect both. Learning by simulated children's attention, on the other hand, causes disruption in the learning phase. During the learning phase, students must maintain a high level of concentration. The level of concentration of students has a significant impact on the learning process' outcomes. Since attitude and focus have a beneficial association, high focus may often affect a person's attitude in a learning phase in order to produce optimal performance. Many factors may affect a person's attention, one of which is the learning environment. A peaceful atmosphere can undoubtedly improve a person's concentration level, while a silent / noisy environment will exacerbate one's focus during the learning phase.
In this dissertation, some generalized scrambled randomized response models for sensitive characteristics have been proposed using two scrambling variables. Similarly, some regression, ratio, exponential, regression-cum-exponential, regression-cum-ratio and ratio in exponential estimators have been proposed to estimate population characteristics for sensitive surveys using auxiliary information. The estimators are proposed for simple random sampling design for both single-phase sampling and two-phase sampling. In Chapter 1, the discussion on sensitive surveys has been made. The techniques to collect information on sensitive characteristics such as randomized response and scrambled randomized response techniques have been introduced into more detail. Further, the use of auxiliary information and two-phase sampling have been illustrated. In Chapter 2, the review of literature regarding the use of auxiliary information in single-phase sampling and two-phase sampling have been discussed with the estimators developed by different statisticians for both sensitive and non-sensitive surveys. Various development on randomized response models in literature have also been presented. The major work of this dissertation start from Chapter 3. In this chapter, four generalized scrambled randomized response models have been proposed combining additive and multiplicative models. These four generalized models have been proposed using two scrambling variables with known distribution. The expressions of the mean, variance, covariance and correlation have been derived for each of the proposed models. Additionally, the privacy measure have been derived for some existing models presented in literature review and the proposed models. The privacy protection comparisons between existing models and proposed models have also been discussed. In Chapter 4, the generalized exponential-type estimators have been constructed using two auxiliary variables to estimate population mean of the sensitive variable. The bias and mean square error have been derived for each proposed estimator. To examine the performance of the proposed generalized estimators, the simulation study have been performed under the observed response using additive and proposed scrambled randomized response models. In Chapter 5, the regression, ratio, regression-cum-ratio, regression-cum exponential and ratio in exponential-type estimators have been proposed under two-phase sampling to estimator population mean of sensitive study variable. The estimators have been proposed for three cases of two-phase sampling such as full-information-case, partial-information-case and no-information-case. The x expressions of the bias and mean square error have been derived for each proposed estimator. Additionally, the simulation study has been conducted to examine the performance of estimator using additive and proposed models. To estimate the population variance of sensitive study variable, some exponential estimators have been proposed in Chapter 6. These estimators have been presented for both single-phase and two-phase sampling. In this chapter, the additive model is considered to estimate population variance. The expressions of the bias and mean square error have been derived. The simulation study have also been presented for both single-phase and two phase sampling.