Home > A Class of Generalized Estimators of Population Means Using Auxiliary Variables in Single and Two Phase Sampling With Properties of the Estimators
A Class of Generalized Estimators of Population Means Using Auxiliary Variables in Single and Two Phase Sampling With Properties of the Estimators
In this study generalized exponential ratio type estimators have been proposed for estimating the finite population mean, using the information from single and two auxiliary variables, under sampling design such as single and two phase sampling. For each proposed estimator bias of order two and mean square error of order one are derived using single and two phase equal probability sampling with single and two auxiliary variables. A class of these estimators have been developed and their bias of order one and mean square errors of order one have been derived. Mathematical comparison has been furnished of the generalized proposed estimators with the existing estimators. Shrinkage estimators of the proposed estimators have been defined along with their mean square errors for single and two phase sampling. To put side by side the proposed estimators with existing estimators, numerical study has been carried out with single and two phase equal probability sampling. It is experiential that the proposed estimators are more efficient than simple random sampling, Ratio, Bhal and Tuteja (1991), Samiuddin and Hanif (2006), Sisodia and Dwivedi (1981), Upadhyaya (1999), Singh and Tailor (2003) and Noor-ul-Amin and Hanif (2012) and others. In case of unequal probability sampling the proposed estimator is also more efficient than the simple random sampling, Ratio, Bhal and Tuteja (1991), Sisodia and Dwivedi (1981) and Singh and Tailor (2003). To study the properties of the estimators, simulation has been carried out and it is evident that the proposed estimators are consistent estimators of population mean. It also shows that normal distribution is the most significant fitted distribution on the proposed estimators.
پروفیسر عبد الحق کی یہ تصنیف 1998 ء میں منظر عام پر آئی ۔یہ کتاب اس عنوان کے تحت منعقد کیے گئے ایک سیمینار کا مجموعہ ہے۔ اسے مرتب کر کے اشاعت پذیر کیا گیا ہے۔ اس کے بعد تراجم پر نظر ڈالتے ہیں۔
Life of Iqbal is the source of many virtues. This article focuses on some of the sources and motivations that influenced Iqbal's personality. Home environment was the first school of training for Iqbal. Parent's training made him a person of outstanding qualities from the time of childhood. The teachers polished more. Iqbal was also influenced by Sir Syed's movement. This article will give you a glimpse of the research and critique of many new aspects. We must consider the motives of Iqbal's knowledge and wisdom. By the study of these motives, we can examine the mental evolution of Iqbal. Therefore, everything should come to light. Iqbal also expressed his love for nature but within limits. Otherwise, people would make nature an idol and start worshiping it. Authoritative quotes from experts are the part of this research article. These references will provide assistance in the topics of Iqbal Studies.
maximize the shareholder wealth and success of companies. In capital budgeting decision making, when
making the financial evaluations of the projects then capital budgeting methods are also used. Capital
budgeting methods are influenced by the firms' characteristics and decision maker's characteristics.
This study conducted with two aims to ascertain the prevailing capital budgeting methods in textile companies
and to find the factors of capital budgeting methods.
To obtain the objectives, major part of data collected by questionnaire and minor part of data collected from
financial statements of 2013 of seventy seven textile companies which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange
(KSE). Size (sales), leverage, growth (price-earnings ratio), dividend payout ratio, target range for solvency
(debt-to-equity), proportion of foreign sales, management ownership, education of CEOs, age of CEOs and
experience of CEOs are taken as independent variables and capital budgeting methods as dependent variables.
Descriptive statistics showed that payback period is mostly used by textile companies of Pakistan. Ordinal
regression analysis runs on data to find the determinants of capital budgeting methods. Findings showed that
target range, foreign sales, size of firm, leverage, management ownership, education of CEOs and age of CEOs
have significant association with capital budgeting methods and these are factors of CB methods while growth,
dividend payout and tenure of CEOs have no significant association with any capital budgeting methods.
Preference of PP method by firms shows that there is theory-practice gap existed in Pakistani textile companies.
It is recommended that textile companies should to use sophisticated CB methods. For future studies it is
recommended that these variables or some other variables should be studied in other private or public sectors
of Pakistan.