The present project is confined to study the cross cultural ethnobotanical utilization of medicinal plants among three ethnic communities Saraiki, Pukhtoon, and Punjabi in Southwest Pakistan. This is the first ever independent investigation in this region to document the traditional knowledge of plant usage among selected communities. Ethnobotanical information was documented through semi structured and open-ended interviews using questionnaire and group discussions. In total of 329 informants of varied age groups, education level, gender, and experience were interviewed. The data was quantitatively analyzed using various indices i,e Relative frequency of citation (RFC), Informant consensus factor (ICF), Disease consensus index (DCI), Cultural significance index (CSI), Use value (UV), Relative importance (RI), Fidelity level (FL%), Jaccard index (JI), Cultural importance index (CI), and Sorensen''s similarity index (QS). About 229 medicinal plant species belonging to 83 families were reported for ethnomedicinal uses. In total of eight (8) categories regarding the use of medicinal plants were 56 plant species were reported for the gastropathic disorder, 73 species for wound healing, 66 species for Respiratory tract disorder, 68 species for traditional food and herbal drinks, 72 species for Insect repellent plants, 60 species for ethnoveterinary uses, 40 species for diabetes and 74 species as edible wild fruits discussed in this project. In addition to this, Ferula oopoda species was selected for detailed phytochemical analysis. This study reports that South West Pakistan has rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plant uses. Traditional knowledge is prevailing in the region, more common in the elders than the younger generation. Most of the plant species used for multiple purposes as several plant species are used for more than one diseases. The study encompasses the need to conserve traditional knowledge and carry out a future pharmacological investigation to appraise important mineral, nutrients, antioxidant potentials and toxic effect of these species. This study will serve as baseline data for future drug discovery development in particular and primary healthcare for locals.
پروفیسر فضل الرحمن فریدی مرحوم ۲۶؍ جولائی کے اخبار میں ڈاکٹر شرف الدین اصلاحی کے انتقال کی خبر کے ساتھ ڈاکٹر فضل الرحمن فریدی کی وفات کی بھی خبر تھی، غم دوگنا ہوگیا، دنیائے علم کی ویرانی سی ویرانی ہے، اس کیفیت خزاں میں شجر زندگی کے اوراق زرد ہوتے جاتے ہیں۔ ڈاکٹر صاحب شیراز ہند جونپور کے مردم خیز قصبہ مچھلی شہر میں پیدا ہوئے، الہ آباد اور علی گڑھ میں اعلیٰ تعلیم حاصل کی، معاشیات کے موضوع میں اختصاص کیا، پہلے مسلم یونیورسٹی اور بعد میں سعودی عرب کی ملک عبدالعزیز یونیورسٹی میں اسی کادرس دیا، اﷲ نے قلب و ذہن کو پاکیزگی بخشی، اسلام کے نظریۂ معاشیات کو عصری نظام سرمایہ داری اور قمار و سود کی گرم بازاری میں یقین و اعتماد کے ساتھ پیش کرکے اس کی بہتری اور برتری ثابت کرنا، اس دور کا فرض کفایہ تھا جس کو پورا کرنے والوں میں فریدی مرحوم کا حصہ بڑا نمایاں ہے۔ تدریس کے ساتھ انہوں نے تصنیف و تالیف کا عمل جاری رکھا، جماعت اسلامی سے متاثر تھے اسی لیے جماعت کے انگریزی ترجمان ’’ریڈینس‘‘ کی ادارت اور دوسری انتظامی ذمہ داریاں بھی وقتاً فوقتاً انجام دیتے رہے، لیکن رسالہ ’’زندگی نو‘‘ ان کے افکار و نظریات کا سب سے موثر ترجمان رہا، وہ اس کے مدیر تھے اور اشارات میں ان کی ادارتی تحریریں اشارات سے زیادہ بینات کی صورت سامنے آتی رہیں۔ خصوصاً معاشی موضوعات پر نہایت معلومات افزا ہوتیں، ان کے افکار کی تہہ میں صرف یہ جذبہ پنہاں ہوتا کہ اسلام کی معاشی تعلیمات کی برکتوں کا اندازہ کرنے کے لیے موجودہ زمانہ کا ماحول سب سے سازگار ہے لیکن ہماری معلومات صرف روایتی مذہبی تعلیمات تک محدود ہیں، آئی ایم ایف جیسے مالیاتی اداروں کو ان کے اسلوب میں بتانے کی ضرورت ہے کہ قرضوں کی...
The article explains the origins of anxiety disorders during pregnancy, and their treatment. Pregnant women's anxiety is normally manifests itself as emotions, perceptions, and behaviors, which is mediated by biological, social, and genetic influences. Probability analysis is done of this kind. Using a survey of 1500 rural residents as a random number between 100 and 1600 produces a 200% response rate. Those findings revealed that 60% of the participants had adequate reproductive age and 51% had mild to moderate anxiety, and 78.4% had high anxiety. The reasons leading to pregnant women's anxiety include their age, working status, lack of care from a boyfriend, having had previously given birth, and their wellbeing before becoming pregnant, all of the woman's family members, and maternal well-being. To resolve this is by sufficient relaxation, anti-depressants, a safe diet, and physical exercise, along with learning how to behave more positively, and by means of ourselves, or through prantal massage.
Software development success is based on understanding stakeholder needs and translates those needs into requirements. Requirement engineering is the process of discovering the purpose for which a system is intended. The success of any software product depends on how strongly the requirements are captured. Many daily activities require negotiations, often bilaterally. In such a kind of negotiation, two agents negotiate with each other to reach a consensus. In negotiation, different stakeholders are involved, and they might have contradictory requirements and different priorities. One of the reasons of failures of software is the conflict between stakeholders and developers.
Different requirement engineering approaches are in practice but the Agent Oriented Requirement Engineering (AORE) focuses on objects and goals. The AORE models the requirements in terms of tasks and goals. Requirement engineering is mainly concerned with the identification of goals. REF allows segregate goals into hard and soft goals. These goals are then transformed into services and constraints. Then finally the responsibilities for the resulting requirements are assigned to agents such as human beings or software.
Electronic negotiation system exists but if there is a hybrid negotiation (between human and computer) then this negotiation process becomes more complicated. The main obstacle in such kind of negotiation is incomplete information as the behavior of human is diverse by nature. Humans do make mistakes as they are influenced by the social and cultural issues.
This research is intended to apply Requirement Engineering Framework (REF) and User Story Cards (USC) methodology to the human-agent bilateral negotiation to capture a complete set of requirements. By combining the strengths of these two approaches we presented how requirements can be captured efficiently. REF is a very simple model which has an effective graphical notation to represents objects. On the other hand USC allows to record requirements with consultation of customer representative. These cards clearly state the user view of requirements and states requirements very clearly. With the application of AORE, this thesis proposed a negotiation protocol that facilitates human-agent negotiation. The proposed protocol is run on a case study to show its implementation.