The present research work focuses on the study of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with oak forests of Swat and Dir Districts, KPK, Pakistan. During the study, analyses of above ground and below ground fungal taxa associated with oaks were based on different molecular markers, along with morpho-anatomical characterization. Seven sampling areas viz. Kalam (stand 1), Shawar Valley (stand 2), Toa (stand 3), Sultanr (stand 4), Lamati (stand 5), Jetkot (stand 6) and Biar (stand 7) were selected in temperate areas of Swat and Dir Districts, KPK, Pakistan. For ectomycorrhizal communities study, 50 soil cores were randomly taken from each stand. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were identified by morphotyping and sequence analyses of ITS, LSU and SSU of DNA. For above ground communities study, collected sporocarps were morpho anatomically and phylogenetically characterized. A total of 256 fungal taxa were identified belonging to 58 genera. Among these, 223 species belonging to 41 genera and 28 families were designated as ectomycorrhizal. Ascomycota was represented by 9 families and Basidiomycota by 19 families. Above ground taxa was represented by 53 species belonging to 24 genera and 15 families. From below ground, 183 taxa were identified belonging to 33 genera and 25 families. Thirteen taxa were found from above ground as fruit bodies with their counter parts from below ground in the form of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes. The 34 species were found non mycorrhizal, 28 of which were collected as fruiting bodies belonging to 17 genera. The ectomycorrhizal community consisted of a few frequent and many rare fungal taxa. The community was analyzed in term of alpha, beta and gamma diversity by different diversity indices. Effects of edaphic, climatic factors as well as soil factors on fungal communities were also analyzed. From stand 1, Hortiboletus followed by Russula constituted the major part of above ground community while Russula and Cortinarius dominated the below ground community. From stand 2, Scleroderma was found to be most abundant, dominant and diverse genus. From stand 3, Rhizopogon and Cortinarius were found abundant as fruiting bodies while Amanita and Pachyphloeus dominated the below ground communities. From stand 4, Lactarius and Tricholoma were dominating above ground community and below ground community was dominated by Xerocomus. From stand 5, Russula was common in form of fruiting bodies along with Amanita as well as with Lactarius in the form of morphotypes. From stand 6 and 7, Scleroderma dominated above ground community while Russula dominanted below ground component of community. It was observed that host species and age, soil pH, soil nutrients and soil organic matter influenced the distribution pattern of fungal species. The stand 3 (Toa) with high pH represented hyperdiverse fungal taxa in form of fruiting bodies. The sampling stand 1 (Kalam) with maximum amount of P, EC and organic matter showed maximum frequency and colonization of fungal taxa from below ground community. These findings were supported by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) and Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis. These results indicate high fungal diversity associated with these forests. This hyperdiversity of taxa is due to many factors as these forests are natural forests of hundreds of years old, undisturbed, lack any anthropogenic activities and without undergoing any disaster which support such a divers communities associated with these forests. This study focused on parameters for community studies in terms of abundance, diversity, frequency and dominance to describe the distribution pattern of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mopho-anatomical and molecular data deposited in different repositories could be utilized as a source of perspective for further taxonomic and phylogenetic work. The generated data during this study would helpful in forest and nursery management as well as restoration of rapidly declining oak forests to conserve them.
ویکھو اس دی ٹور کیڈا ہے منہ زور بندہ سب تے حاوی بھانویں ہے کمزور سب دا مالک اللہ ہتھ اوہدے وچ ڈور عشق اساڈا جیوں کر چن دے مگر چکور عشق جلاویں اگیں جیندے پے گیا کھور دشمن آپے بندا ویری نہیں کوئی ہور پیار رچایا ہڈیں اندر ہر اک پور ہنجوں حنیف نوں یارو اندروں دتا کھور
Like all the physical diseases, which are fatal for a body, all the ethical weaknesses, like avarice, rampage, and malignity are also most harmful for a man. But, amidst these, envy is the malady which, apart from personally, also affects badly the whole society. Individually, the victim of envy suffers from a high psychological troubles and inner becomes subjected to many diseases. The reaction of envy firstly attacks the envier, rather than the envied person. There can never come affection or consolidation in the society which contains this moral disease: envy. That is why, the Holy Qur┐’n directs us to seek refuge from the envy of an envier. The Holy Qur┐’n says : ( Say, I seek refuge) from the evil of an envier when he envies. The Holy Prophet said: Avoid yourselves from envy, it eats one’s good deeds such as a fire eats the wood.
This research examines the transformation process of geostrategic strength of Pakistan into geo-economics worth applying the regionalism theory. Pakistan could not clinch potential economic advantages of its geographical significance even after 70 years of its independence. The study area comprised of Pakistan, China and Central Asia which is about 2.25 billion population of the world. The purpose of this research is to explore the regional integration options after development of Gwadar port as a strategic gem of Pakistan and region as well. The energy potential of CARs has also been calculated in detail to foster the energy cooperation among the region. The envisaged conceptualization of CPEC projects with execution details have also been studied along with cognition of irritant and challenges. Although empirical analysis has been confined to three core areas of Economy, Energy and Extremism cooperation but cultural narrative of CPEC has also been taken into account. Now the phenomenon of economic and military rise of China has become perceptible. Hegemonic stability theory has been embedded on the rise of China and its strapping effects on economic growth of Pakistan in the configuration of CPEC. OBOR vision and AIIB initiative of China for building Maritime Silk Road and SREB has grandiose potential to integrate more than 67 counties, 70% of world population, 55% of world GNP and 75% energy reserves of the world with approximately $900 billion investment of China for infrastructure and regional integration. CPEC has transpired as intrinsic part of OBOR that will link not only Kasghar to Gwadar through roads, rails, oil, gas pipelines and optical fiber networks etc. but also will promote trade, energy and economic activities for Central, West, and South Asia. Concurrent nested embedded design of mixed methods along with descriptive analysis has been exercised to find out the facts. Qualitative data through open ended semi structured interviews and Quantitative data from primary and secondary sources have been collected to make the descriptive analysis. The findings of this erudition are that Pakistan’s geostrategic worth is transfiguring into its geo-economic power but impediments are numerous. It is established that CPEC which is almost equivalent to worth of 20% GDP of Pakistan could be the fate and game changer for region; only if peace and firmness is ensured. About energy potentials it is deduced that CARs have 4.5% of oil and 10% of natural gas vi reserves of the world. TAPI and CASA-1000 are ongoing energy cooperation projects of Pakistan with CARs. After the in depth study it is find out that Gwadar port has not only propensity to reduce the distance for global trade of China from 12000 km Sea route to 3000 km land rout and open up Sea trade route for landlocked Central Asia, but also have tendency tohelp China in avoiding “Malacca Dilemma” in the Indian Ocean. Gwadar can not only have unmatched capacity of handling 200000 tons tanker of oil but also can cater the trade and transshipment needs of more than twenty countries of the region. The irritants and challenges for the development of Gwadar port are copious in nature. If it becomes completely functional in the coming years it has grandiose potential to become Abu Dhabi for Pakistan.