ڈاکٹر بھگوان داس
اسی مہینہ ہندوستان کی ایک اور نامور شخصیت ڈاکٹر بھگوان داس نے انتقال کیا، وہ اپنے دور کے مشہور صاحب علم و قلم اور درویش صفت صوفی مشرب فلسفی تھے، فلسفہ اور تصوف پر ان کی بڑی گہری نظر تھی، اس پر انگریزی میں ان کی کئی تصانیف ہیں، اسلام سے پوری طرح واقف اور اسلامی تصوف سے خاص ذوق رکھتے تھے، عقیدۃً موحد اور اپنی تہذیب و معاشرت میں پرانی تہذیب و شرافت و وضعداری کا نمونہ تھے، اپنے مسلمان دوستوں کو جب خطوط لکھتے تھے تو اپنا نام عبدالقادر لکھتے تھے اور کہتے تھے کہ بھگوان داس اور عبدالقادر کے معنی ایک ہیں، بمبئی کے گورنر سری پرکاش صاحب کے والد تھے، ان کو شرافت و وضعداری اپنے والد ہی سے ترکہ میں ملی ہے،ڈاکٹر بھگوان داس کی موت سے ہندوستان کی ایک بڑی علمی و تہذیبی یادگار مٹ گئی۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۵۸ء)
Macroeconomics relates to economics elements at national level. Islam has conveyed its guidance in this sphere too. It encourages modest life style and thereby reduces expenditure, hence, increased savings. These savings can be utilized for investments to boost economy. Banking play an important role in creating pool of deposits used to finance businesses. Governmental regulatory intervenetions are at times involves controlling prices, preventing hoarding and monitoring adulteration. These issues have been discussed in this article with reference to relevant Islamic Teachings.
In this research Salmonella species were isolated from animal and human enteric sources from different veterinary and human hospitals in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. These species were further characterized by different morphological and biochemical techniques. The protein profiling of all ten strains through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed similarities and differences among the whole cell proteins of the ten isolates. The ten Salmonella species were identified and were confirmed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. Furthermore, sequencing of the amplicons confirmed all ten isolates as Salmonella strains. The antigenic cross-reactivity was found maximum between the HB1 (strain isolated from honey bee) antiserum and its antigen with an antibody titer of 1:128, while the HB1 antiserum showed a titer range of 1:8 to 1:64, when cross reacted with the remaining nine strains. On the basis of the highest Geometric mean titer (GMT) shown by the antiserum of the HB1 antigen, it was selected as the best candidate for a cross-reactive live Salmonella oral antigen. Moreover, the HB1 anitgen was used a live oral antigen (1×1010CFU/ml) in a safety test in rabbits and proved to be avirulent with no clinical symptoms of disease. During the animal trials three different oral doses of the HB1 live oral antigen were evaluated in four different rabbits groups (R1, R2, R3 and R4). The dose number 2 of 0.5ml (two drops orally and repeated after one week) in rabbits exhibited a cumulative mean titer of 49.7 measured by indirect haemagglutination which was better than the single (two drops orally once) and triple dose (two drops and repeated after alternate days for three times) 33 and 43. Results of the challenge protection test (four groups of rabbits infected with LD50 of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028) also validated the efficacy of the double dose of the HB1 live vaccine, with the highest survival percentage. Results of this study lay the foundation for a potential cross reactive live oral Salmonella vaccine, which has showed to be immunogenic in an animal model.