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Accessing Quality and Dispensing Practices of Retail/Wholesale Pharmacies & Drug Distributors in Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Shaukat Ali

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Karachi

City

Karachi

Province

Sindh

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmaceutics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10846/1/S%20Shaukat%20Ali%20Mutaqi_Pharm_2018_UoK_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725429576

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Objective: Safe and effective use of the medications is a challenge in the developing countries of the world. The objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the quality, storage/dispensing practices and regulatory compliance, of retail/wholesale drug stores and drug distributors operating in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of retail/wholesale drug stores and drug distributors, located in Karachi was conducted from May to December 2013. A total of 1003 retail/wholesale drug stores and nine distributors involved in the sale/purchase and dispensing of pharmaceutical products were enrolled in the study. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was used and the information was collected using a close ended, structured questionnaire, designed to gather information related to demographics of store and drug seller, storage practices, licensing status and knowledge/practices of drug sellers. The data was collected by the team of data collectors and the results were analyzed using Stata 11.2. Results: The results of study indicated that out of 1003 retail and wholesale drug stores inspected only 4.1% (n=41) were found compliant to regulatory requirements. Very few of the stores were involved in the exclusive sales of drugs, most of them 74.9% (n=752) were selling general items and other commodities along with the drugs. Only 12% (n=124) of the stores were having medical professionals working on the store, out of which 33% (n=41) were pharmacists and the rest were dispensers. The drug stores were dominated by male dispensers, with a mean age of 34.1years (SD±9.7), average work experience of 12.4 years (SD±7.6) and 12.9 years (SD±2.2) of education. Twenty-four percent (n=244) of the drugs sellers were aware of the fact that vaccines and refrigerated drugs, needs to be stored at 2˚C-8˚C. Only 14.3% (n=144) of the drug sellers were aware about the correct classification and use of selected essential drugs, and 17.9% (n=179) of the drug sellers were able to respond correctly to the commonly used prescription terminologies. The dispensing practice revealed 62% (n=625) of the stores were found selling medications without prescription. Less than 10% of the drug sellers provide information related to indication of drugs, duration of therapy, and interaction with other drugs or food. Only 1.6% of the stores were providing any written information to the patient at the time of dispensing. The storage practices revealed only 40.2% (n=403) of stores were protected from direct sunlight and 5.4% (n=54) having air conditioning in the premises. Total of 11.4% (n=94) stores were selling vaccines without proper refrigerator and only 11.7% stores had the power backup for the refrigerator. Forty-seven percent (n=400) of the stores had drug sales license displayed in the premises out of which 33.4% (n=282) were having expired drug sales license. As compared to the retail/wholesale drug stores, the storage and distributor practices of the drug distributors operating in Karachi were in line with the regulatory requirements laid down by the authorities. Conclusion: The regulatory compliance of majority of the retail/wholesale drug stores operated privately in different areas of Karachi is below standard. Only a few drug stores have adequate facilities to protect the drugs from extreme temperature, sunlight and provision of refrigeration. Very few of the drug stores carry out drug sales under the supervision of qualified pharmacist. The drugs are mostly sold without prescription, and the knowledge and skills of the drug sellers are insufficient to promote the safe use of medications. There is a dire need to improve the storage practices in the drug stores by complying with the regulatory standards/laws, and support from pharmaceutical industry. The knowledge of drug sellers needs to be improved by continues trainings and the presence of qualified pharmacist needs to be ensured in the drug stores.
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مولانا نجم الدین اصلاحی

مولانا نجم الدین اصلاحی
۱۴؍ اگست کو حافظ مولانا نجم الدین صاحب اصلاحی نے تقریباً ۹۴ برس کی عمر میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا۔ اِناﷲ وَاِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون۔
انھوں نے اپنے جدبزرگوار ملاقدرت علی مرحوم سے ابتدائی تعلیم حاصل کی اور اپنے گاؤں ہی کے ایک دوسرے بزرگ حافظ عبدالرحیم مرحوم کی خدمت میں رہ کر قرآن مجید حفظ کیا، مزید تعلیم مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر میں ہوئی، اس وقت مدرسہ میں مولانا امین احسن اصلاحی صاحبِ تدبر قرآن اور مولانا اختر احسن اصلاحی مرحوم سابق مہتمم مدرسۃ الاصلاح بھی زیر تعلیم تھے۔ فارسی میں مولانا نجم الدین صاحب کی اچھی اور پختہ استعداد ان کے ہم وطن مولوی محمد مصطفےٰ صاحب کے فیض تلمذ کا نتیجہ تھی۔ جو مدرسۃ الاصلاح میں فارسی کے بہت اچھے اور لائق معلم تھے۔ اس زمانے میں مولانا شبلی متکلم ندوی مدرسۃ الاصلاح سرائمیر کے مہتمم تھے، وہ علامہ شبلیؒ کے تلمیذ رشید اور اس مجلس اخوان الصفاء کے ایک رکن تھے جو علامہ مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد ان کے ناتمام کاموں کی تکمیل کے لیے مولانا حمیدالدین فراہیؒ کی سربراہی میں قائم ہوئی تھی۔ مولانا شبلی متکلم معقولات اور اسرار شریعت کی کتابوں کا درس اس شان سے دیتے تھے کہ طلبہ کو مطالب بخوبی ذہن نشین ہوجاتے تھے۔ مدرسہ کا معیارِ تعلیم بلند اور بہتر بنانے کے لیے ان کو دوبارہ مدرسہ کی خدمت کی زحمت دی گئی تو بڑھاپے میں بھی ان کے درس کا وہی رنگ رہا، اس کی شہادت مولانا نجم الدین صاحب نے اس طرح دی کہ وہ چپکے سے جنگلے کے پاس جاکر درس سنا کرتے تھے۔ ان کے علاوہ مولانا عبدالرحمن نگرامی ندوی، مولانا حکیم محمد لہراوی اور دوسرے اساتذہ سے بھی درسیات کی تکمیل کی، ۱۹۱۷؁ء میں جب مولانا حمیدالدین فراہیؒ دارالعلوم حیدرآباد کی پرنسپلی سے استعفا دے کر مدرسۃ الاصلاح...

MEASURE THE LEVEL OF SENSORY PROCESSING PROBLEM IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITH OUT AUTISM IN CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT

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Evaluation of Nuclear Reaction Cross Sections Relevant to the Production of Emerging Diagnostic Radioisotopes Fe-52 and As-72

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