A survey study was conducted in urban area of Faisalabad to compare concentration of Cd, Zn and Cu in cereal and legume crops irrigated with raw effluent, tubewell and canal waters. The results showed that there were significant variation in EC, pH and concentration Cd & Cu of effluents at sampling location due to different sources of effluent and their subsequent dilution in down stream. Raw effluent has 13, 2.5 and 4.5 times higher amount of Cd, Zn and Cu than canal water, but were within permissible limits for their use as irrigation water. No significant variations in irrigation quality parameters of canal and tubewell waters at differrent locations were observed. There were elevated levels of AB-DTPA extractable Cd, Zn and Cu in effluent irrigated soils over tubewell or canal irrigated soils but all metals were with in safe limits. About 70% of the metals were deposited in upper 30 cm soil surface. Chickpea, maize and mungbean were found maximum accumulators of Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively in grains while the order of Cd in shoot was mungbean > maize > chickpea > wheat. Highest concentration of Zn and Cu was in mungbean shoots. Mungbean roots accumulated the highest amount of Cd, while wheat accumulated Zn and Cu. Effluent irrigated chickpea grain accumulated Cd above permissible limit of WHO (0.20 mg kg -1 ) with mean concentration of 0.177 mg kg -1 while maize and mungbean followed chickpea. Green house study was conducted to investigate the effect of Cd in irrigation water on behavior of Cd, Zn and Cu in soil and their uptake by legume (chickpea, mungbean) and cereal (wheat, maize) crops. Wheat yield was not affected by the application of Cd in canal water up to 5 ppm. Application of Zn and Cu together gave the highest grain yield. Concentration of Cd increased in plant parts by increasing Cd level in irrigation water. The trend of Cu was not consistent but grain Cu was generally increased in chickpea and mungbean crops at the highest level of Cd. Higher levels of Cd in irrigation water also increased grain Cu in wheat. Chickpea yield was not affected by Cd or soil treatments and grain Zn was the highest with the combined application of Zn+Cu. Grain yields of wheat, maize and chickpea were not influenced statistically by Cd in irrigation water. However, yield of mungbean was stimulated with 1 mg L -1 of Cd. Grain Cd in wheat was the lowest with 60 mg kg -1 Zn treatment but not affected in chickpea grain. In general Zn treated soil tends to decreaseCd concentration in plant showing an antagonistic effect. The Cd application in irrigation water caused redistribution of metals in grains, shoots and roots, so the total uptake was not much affected. Effect of Cu soil treatment on concentration on Zn and Cd was not consistent in all crops. Phosphorus was applied @ 0, 50 and 75 mg kg -1 soil to study its effect on Cd, Cu and Zn sorption in laboratory. Application of 75 mg kg -1 significantly increased the sorption of Cd and Zn except Cu due to the P induced sorption in effluent irrigated soils while effect of the other levels remained non-significant. The preference of sorption was found as Cd > Cu > Zn. The sorption followed the Langmuir equation. Effect of various levels of P on availability of Cd, Zn, Cu and P in effluent irrigated soils was studied where two cereals and two legumes were grown. Wheat grain yield was found maximum with half recommended dose (57 kg ha -1 ) of P 2 O 5 fertilizer treatment anog with recommended urea. While higher levels of P did not statistically affect the grain yield of chickpea. Cadmium concentration increased in wheat grain up to recommended N and P (NP 1 ) and decreased with NP 1.5 treatment. Application of P significantly decreased Cu in grain of wheat at all levels. Wheat varieties differed in yield, P concentration, shoot Cd and root Cu accumulation. Variety AS-2002 accumulated fewer metals compared with Bhakkar-2002. Chickpea grain Zn, Cd and Cu were the lowest at higher level of P (NP 1.5 ). Nitrogen application promoted Cd accumulation in chickpea while maximum uptake of Zn and P was in N application alone. Varieties differed significantly in grain yield, shoot and root Cu and P uptake. Mungbean grain Zn and shoot Cd was minimum with NP 1 treatment while grain Cu and Cd were minimum with NP 1.5 and N treatments, respectively. Grain yield was high with NP 1 and varieties differed significantly only in root Cd, grain Cu and root Zn accumulation. In maize, the highest level of P caused less accumulation of Zn, Cd and Cu in grain, and varieties differed in most parameters. Over all, nitrogen treatment (N) caused a decrease in metal accumulation in plant tissues, while P application up to agronomic level generally increased Cd, while higher levels decreased Cd and Zn in plant tissues. Increasing level of P in soil decreased AB-DTPA extractable Zn and Cu while increased Cd. Cadmium contamination of irrigation water increased Cd, while decreased Cu concentration in all plants. Application of P in effluent irrigated soils increased concentration of Cd in crops at agronomic levels, while decreased Zn and Cu.
پروفیسر گیان چند جین پروفیسر گیان چند جین کی وفات اردو دنیا کا بڑا سانحہ ہے، وہ اردو کے صف اول کے ادیب، محقق اور ماہر لسانیات تھے، ان کا انتقال ۱۷؍ اگست ۲۰۰۷ء کو امریکہ میں ہوا، وہ ۱۹؍ دسمبر ۱۹۲۳ء کو ضلع بجنور کے سیو ہارہ قصبے میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، یہیں اور مراد آباد میں ابتدائی تعلیم ہوئی، پھر وہاں سے حصول تعلیم کے لیے آگرہ گئے اور ۱۹۴۵ء میں الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی سے فرسٹ ڈویژن اور فرسٹ پوزیشن میں ایم، اے پاس کیا، ۱۹۴۷ء میں ان کے تحقیقی مقالے ’’اردو کی نثری داستانیں‘‘ پر انہیں پی ایچ ڈی کی تفویض کی گئی۔ ۱۹۵۰ء میں انگریزی روزنامہ ’’پانیئر‘‘ کے معاون مدیر ہوئے لیکن اسی سال جولائی میں حمیدیہ کالج بھوپال میں اردو لکچرر کی حیثیت سے ان کا تقرر ہوا جس کے بعد وہ مدۃ العمر درس و تدریس ہی کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے اور ایک لائق اور نیک نام استاد کی حیثیت سے شہرت پائی، انہوں نے ملک کی مختلف یونیورسٹیوں بھوپال، حیدرآباد، الٰہ آباد اور جموں وغیرہ میں پروفیسر اور صدر شعبہ اردو کی حیثیت سے خدمت انجام دی، سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد حیدرآباد اور لکھنو یونیورسٹی میں یوجی سی فیلو ایمیریٹس کی حیثیت سے ان کی خدمات سے فائدہ اٹھایا گیا، لکھنو اندرا نگر میں بودوباش اختیار کرلی تھی، اسی زمانے میں اپنے بعض تحقیقی کاموں کے سلسلے میں مجھے بھی خطوط لکھے تھے، ایک گرامی نامے میں یہ دریافت کیا تھا کہ مولانا عبدالسلام ندوی مرحوم کی کتاب ’’شعرالہند‘‘ پہلی مرتبہ کب شائع ہوئی تھی، یہاں جب ان کی طبیعت زیادہ خراب رہنے لگی تو وہ امریکہ چلے گئے تھے۔ جہاں ان کے بیٹے اور بیٹی رہتی تھیں۔ جین صاحب نے قلم و قرطاس سے ہمیشہ سروکار رکھا، امریکہ جانے کے بعد بھی ان کے مضامین اور تحریریں...
تُعنى هذه الدراسة ببيان نظام الحكم الديمقراطي عند سبينوزا ، والذي له أهمية كبيرة في الفلسفة الحديثة بصورة عامة، والفلسفة السياسية بصورة خاصة ، والذي يصفه سبينوزا بأنه الأفضل من بين أنظمة حكم الدولة الموجودة، وكل ذلك من خلال بيان الفلسفة السياسية عنده ، لتكون الصورة واضحة ومتكاملة، وقد استخدمنا المنهج الوصفي في بيان أفكاره السياسية ، وتتبع هذه الأفكار بصورة تفصيلية، من خلال مقدمة ومجموعة من المحاور وخاتمة ونتائج لهذه الدراسة، والتي توصلنا من خلالها إلى إن ما يدعو إليه سبينوزا من خلال فلسفة السياسية في إدارة الدولة هو النظام الديمقراطي، لأنه أفضل الأنظمة السياسية التي تحقق العدالة والمساواة والحرية للمجتمع ، والطمأنينة والسلام والسعادة للفرد.
Agriculture is the single largest sector and dominating driving force for growth and development of Pakistan‟s economy. Its share in GDP is 24% and employs 48.4% of the total work force of the country. It also provides raw materials for the agro-based industries and adds sustainability to Pakistan‟s export earnings. At present the average yields of various crops are low as compared to their potential yields and also to those of the advanced countries. The research advancements made in the field of agriculture indicate that the available technologies have much potential, which is not being properly exploited by the farmers. The research studies indicate that lack of proper dissemination of agricultural technologies among the farmers is still of one of the major causes for their non-adoption by the farmers. For the effective dissemination of agricultural technologies among the farmers, many extension approaches have been implemented from time to time. At present three main approaches are working in the country: public sector extension approach (PSEA), participatory extension approach (PEA) and commodity specialized extension approach (CSEA) for the guidance and education of the farmers, but still the extension‟s role does not appear to be much effective. However, each approach has some strengths, which may be used by other approaches for the improvement of extension work. Keeping in view this situation, the present study was planned to analyze these three approaches in the context of technology dissemination and its utilization by the farmers. For this purpose the data were collected from 360 respondents taken from the farmers of the three selected approaches by selecting an equal sample of 120 respondents each, from 10 randomly selected villages of tehsil Chak Jhumra of Faisalabad district in which the three approaches are simultaneously in operation. A comparison of the three selected approaches was made against the selected parameters like sustainability, farmers‟ participation, women participation, linkages development, knowledge gain, technology utilization, diversification, competence of extension field staff (EFS), effectiveness of extension messages, effective use of extension methods, responsiveness to various categories of rural people, organization of target groups, responsiveness to national policies and goals and overall perception of the farmers regarding these approaches. The collected data were analysed by using frequency distributions, weighted scores, analysis of variance, standard variation and LSD values. The Chi-square was also used for computing relationship between the socio-economic characteristics of therespondents and some dependent variables like farmers‟ participation, knowledge gain and technology utilization. The results indicated that PSEA was a better approach than PEA and CSEA with regard to the introduction of sustainable agricultural practices among the farmers. PEA had provided more opportunities to the farmers for their participation in extension programme development than the PSEA and CSEA. PSEA and CSEA had absolutely provided no opportunity for women participation at any stage of extension programme development whereas the women were given opportunities for their participation in PEA. PSEA had developed more linkages with various categories of farmers and agricultural allied agencies than those of PEA and CSEA. PEA was the approach that had covered all the diversified areas whereas rest of the two approaches were not putting sufficient efforts in providing coverage. PEA was a better approach than the other two approaches (PSEA and CSEA). PSEA was ranked at the top with regard to the knowledge gain regarding crop production and protection practices by the farmers, whereas PEA and CSEA were rated as 2 nd and 3 rd respectively. As regards the technology utilization by the farmers PSEA, PEA and CSEA were rated 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd respectively. PSEA got the highest score among the selected approaches with regard to competence of extension field staff. The extension messages were well prepared in PSEA than those of PEA and CSEA. PEA was responsive to more categories of rural people as compared to the other two approaches (PSEA and CSEA). The EFS of PSEA used the extension methods more effectively than those of PEA and CSEA. The EFS of PEA was more serious in organizing the target groups among the rural communities than the other two approaches (PSEA and CSEA). According to the overall perceptions of the farmers, the PEA was a better approach followed by the PSEA and CSEA.