Salinity is a serious concern for agriculture worldwide and it is increasing continuously. Drought-affected lands are severely affected by salinity, and crops production is drastically reduced. Soils of over 100 countries of America, Africa, Australia and Asia are facing serious salinity problem, mainly due to anthropogenic activities like irrigation. Now, salinity has also become a menance for agriculture in Pakistan because it is limiting the production of crops and affecting the country’s economy from nineteenth century. In Pakistan, approximately 6.67 million hactare area is facing the problem of salinity. In Pakistan, salinization is due to natural environmental conditions like ecological fluctuations, inefficient irrigation, high evapo-tanspiration, flooding, usage of low-quality water for irrigation and its poor drainage. This study was conducted to evaluate adaptive components of salt tolerance in Cyperus laevigatus L., which is a hydro-halophytic plant. Six populations of Cyperus laevigatus were collected from Sahianwala, Sargodha, Sangla Hill, Kalar Kahar, Pakka Anna and Domeli and their degree of salinity was assessed by examining their morpho-anatomical and physiological attributes. Cyperus laevigatus populations can be rated as Domeli ˂ Sargodha ˂ Kalar Kahar ˂ Sangla Hill ˂ Sahianwala ˂ Pakka Anna from least tolerant to the most tolerant, based on overall growth and biomass production under high salinities. The most tolerant population from the Pakka Anna relied on increased or maintained photosynthetic rate, high water use efficiency, restriction in Na+ uptake of in root and shoots, high uptake of shoot and root Ca2+ and K+, in addition to high accumulation of organic osmolytes, hence making this population more suitable for salt-affected areas. Structural adaptations like increased root area, thick root endodermal layer and large root metaxylem vessels, large stem area, broad metaxylem vessels, intensive sclerification in stem and leaf, increase in vascular bundle area and large cortical cells in stem, bract and leaves and decreased stomatal area and density all contributed significantly towards its high degree of salinity tolerance. Cyperus laevigatus can easily survive up to 600 mM salt, and differently adapted populations showed differential response towards salt stress tolerance and adopt different mechanisms based on morpho-physiology and anatomy. Therefore, this species can be effectively used to re-vegetate salt-affected areas, as well as for phytoremediation of salt affected lands.
The question of economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country has been one of the most important questions in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. It has been highlighted by some economists and jurists about their economic facilities. This paper is intended to discuss the economic facilities for non-Muslims in a Muslim country in the light of Quran and Sunnah and the Islamic history. It is the topmost responsibility of the Islamic state/Muslim country to fulfill the basic needs of human life and to encourage voluntary services for the welfare of the poor, to promote equal opportunities in a Muslim country, to enforce social and economic justice in Islam, to provide social security and basic economic facilities, and to give a fair share of economic rights to all citizens. The Government should also provide employment (services), Jizyah and to impose tax on non-Muslims. It will be shown that in Muslim countries, all non-Muslims have equal economic opportunities and rights as other Islamic citizens and also the same status in terms of Islamic economy. This paper may also throw some light on the Islamic Philosophy of economy in the contemporary Muslim world and explore the constituents and effects of an Islamic/Muslim anti-economy policy. This paper will conclude by providing some suggestions on ways of solving contemporary non–Muslim economic problems in Muslim countries nowadays.
My thesis is divided into five chapters, each dealing with a particular aspect of the two writers’ personality traits and their literary style. Chapter 1: The meaning and sense of literature and literary style. Comparative study to show how a piece of literature is accorded low or high value in the light of some universally established standards and principles. Chapter 2: Focusing on the main features of the personality of Sayyed Qutab, a critical study of his standing in the world of literature. Analyses of the social and civil (political) factors which shaped his personality and influenced his writings – he became an extraordinary writer whose influence on both the common and highly educated classes was quite great. Chapter 3: Sayyed Abu-ul-Hasan Ali Nadvi’s life and literary pursuits. How his writings won special applause in the Arab world. What makes his writings so profound and powerful – characteristics of his peculiar style and his grasp of social trends? With his understanding of individual as well as a peoples’ collective attitude and behavior, he was able to respond to the challenges of the day. His thought has some common strands with that of Sayyed Qutab. Yet, the former appears to be more anti-West and a passionate defender of religion. He aligns himself with more traditional Muslims, and attacks those ‘internal opponents of Islam’ -including radical reformers - for their being pro-British or enamoured by the West. Chapter 4: A comparative study of approach and style of Sayyed Abu-ul-Hasan Ali Nadvi and Sayyed Qutab. I have divided this chapter into sections. In one, I explain the similarities between the two litterateurs; in another I dwell on their techniques and style; in yet another I focus on the way they approach a problem, etc. Chapter 5: Differences and discords –both of viewpoint and style. For example, education was a significant issue Sayyed Abu-ul-Hasan Ali Nadvi deals with. He was critical of ‘modern’ schools being established by foreign missionaries as well as government. His concern with ‘reforms’ in education stemmed from his opposition to indiscriminate borrowing from the West. Sayyed Qutab tends to blame the prevailing conditions under authoritarian governments for the decline of education, its purpose and standard. Averse to the rulers’ approach and practices, scholars have either turned aloof from the collective, social matters, or seek improvements within the existing system.