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Addressing Linear Regression Models With Correlated Regressors: Some Package Development in R

Thesis Info

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Author

Imadadullah, Muhammad

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

City

Multan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2017

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Statistics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9961/1/Muhammad_Imdadullah_Statistics_HSR_BZU_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725435688

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Regression analysis is widely used in manyelds such as economics,nance, technology and social sciences. A linear regression model describes the relationship between dependent variable and one or more regressors. A problem named multicollinearity is the existence/presence of nearly linear dependency among regressors. The existence of severe multicollinearity questions the accuracy of the parameters estimate in a linear regression model, because the variance of the ordinary least square estimator (OLSE) would be large enough. Therefore, detection of multicollinearity can be considered asrst step for giving solution of this problem. There are several indicators (diagnostic measures) for the quanti cation of collinearity among regressors available in the literature. Widely used and the most suggested diagnostics are values of pair-wise correlations among regressors, overall R2, VIF and tolerance limit, eigenvalues, condition number and condition indices etc. However, there is no unique method that can detect and measure the existence and strength of multicollinearity in data. For remedy or reduction of collinearity among regressors, biased estimators are suggested such as the ridge and Liu estimators in literature and are alternative to the OLSE. These alternative methods also improve the accuracy of the parameter estimates of linear regression models. The biased methods resemble each other and are based on similar principals. In this study, we propose two new detection methods for indication of collinearity vi existence and developed 3 packages in R language namely mctest, lmridge and liureg. The package mctest computes already existing collinearity diagnostic measures and our proposed measures. We also compare existing and our proposed collinearity diagnostics measures for the detection of collinearity existence among regressors. Our proposed collinearity diagnostics not only perform well for simulated but also for real collinear data sets. For computation and detection of existence of collinearity mctest package can be used. The package contains functions omcdiag for computation of overall and imcdiag for individual collinearity diagnostics as described in Chapter 3, Section 3.5. For estimation and testing of ridge coe cients, the ridge package lmridge can be used to compute ridge coe cients, di erent existing biasing parameters available in literature and testing of ridge coe cients with 15 ridge related statistics such as R2, adjusted-R2, mean square error and e ective degrees of freedom etc. Similarly, estimation and testing of Liu coe cient can be done using package liureg package. It computes biasing parameters from (Liu, 1993) and the Liu related statistics. In addition, numerical comparisons between existing estimator of ridge and Liu are also done by using existing collinear data set from Hald (1952), Longley (1967) and Malinvaud (1968).
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مولانا محمد الیاس کاندھلوی

مولانا محمد الیاس کاندھلوی
وادریغا!مولانا محمد الیاس کاندھلویؒ نے چند ماہ کی شدید علالت کے بعد ۱۲/ جولائی بروز پنج شنبہ داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا اوراس جہانِ آب وگل کوخیر بادکہہ کر اپنے’’رفیق اعلیٰ‘‘سے جاملے۔مولانا کی عمر ابھی ایسی کچھ زیادہ نہ تھی۔لیکن تبلیغ کے کام میں انہماک کے باعث آپ نے اس مقدس اورضروری فریضۂ اسلام کے علاوہ ہرچیز کو قطعاً فراموش کررکھا تھا۔یہاں تک کہ سینکڑوں دیکھنے والوں نے دیکھا کہ مرض الموت میں بھی جب کہ آپ پر عالمِ سکرات طاری تھا اور ضعف ونقاہت اورمرض کے پے بہ پے حملوں کے باعث آپ کاجسم ناتواں ہڈیوں کاایک ڈھانچہ ہوکر رہ گیاتھا۔جو کوئی شخص آپ کی مزاج پرسی کرتا اورمرض کی کیفیت دریافت کرتا آپ اس پر خفگی کااظہار کرتے اور فرماتے تھے’’میرا مرض تم لوگ ہو جوتبلیغ کے فرض سے غافل ہو،بس اس کے سوا مجھے کوئی اوربیماری نہیں۔‘‘
آپ درحقیقت فنانی التبلیغ تھے۔ہرآن اسی کی دھن تھی۔یہی ایک خیال اور یہی ایک جذبہ تھا جوسیماب کی طرح ان کو بے چین اورمتحرک رکھتاتھا۔عمل اور اخلاص کاحقیقی پیکر تھے۔دل خشیتِ ربانی سے معمور تھا۔تقریر اگرچہ رسمی فصاحت و بلاغت سے عاری تھی۔مگر غایت اخلاص وﷲیت کی وجہ سے ایک ایک لفظ جو دل سے نکلتا تھا سننے والوں پر تیروسنان کاکام کرتا تھا۔حقیقت یہ ہے کہ آپ کی پوری زندگی اتباع سنت کاکامل نمونہ تھی۔مولانا مرحوم کی ان صفات کاہی یہ اثر تھا کہ آپ نے چند سالوں میں ہی اصلاح وتبلیغ کے میدان میں وہ کچھ کردکھایا جوسالہا سال میں بڑی بڑی جماعتیں بھی نہیں کرسکتیں۔دعا ہے کہ اﷲ تعالیٰ اعلیٰ علیین میں مولانا کے مراتب ومدارج بیش ازبیش بڑھائے اورآپ اپنے پیچھے جو کام چھوڑ گئے ہیں،آپ کے جانشین مولانا محمد یوسف صاحب اوران کے اعوان و رفقاء ان کاموں کوباحسن وجوہ قائم وبرقرار رکھ سکیں۔رحمہ اﷲ رحمۃً واسعۃً وتغمدہ...

Analytical Study on Bill Discounting with Reference to Shār’Iah

With the growing economic industry, the importance of bill discounting is not obscured any more. It is undoubtedly one of the most important tools of trade financing. Now it has become very easy for importers and exporters to sale any product to a complete stranger anywhere in the world and get the bill against it discounted before its maturity date. That is why this tool is in the practice of all conventional banks. But regarding to shār’iah rulings its prevailed practice in conventional banks is not shār’iah compliance as this transaction consists of debt sale and interest. But due to it’s vitally need, Jurists of Islamic shār’iah have stepped forward with its different alternatives based on Můrabaha, Wākalāh, Můshāārkāh and Bāy’ Sālām in currency. In this article we have covered the causes behind the shār’iah rulings of prevailed bill discounting in conventional banks and addressed the Bāy’ Sālām as an alternative in currencies and its executive model in Islamic banks. Furthermore I have discussed the different opinions of modern scholars regarding these issues.

Systematic Study of the Helminth Parasites of Birds Family Sturnidae in District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Birds are the terrestrial / arboreal / aerial and aquatic vertebrates that share their life with human beings. The peculiarity of bird travelling in a few hours across the national and international lines is quite astonishing for a man. As a whole, billions of the birds travel between continents twice a year in only a few weeks’ time. Birds are the source of dissemination of parasites, causing fatal diseases as they harbor both micro as well as macro parasites and have also been reported to be infected with numerous pathogens. Helminths are eukaryotic that live and forage within the living host, receiving nourishment and shelter while disrupting the physiological and ecological aspects which ultimately affects the health of host. So for the taxonomic values are concerned, helminthes have been grouped into: cestodes (tapeworm), trematodes (flukes), nematodes (roundworm) and acanthocephalan (thorny headed- worm). The name Sturnidae comes from the Latin word for Starling, Sturnus. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are locally called as mynas and many African species are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent plumage. Starlings are native to many different continents as well as countries which includes; Europe, Asia, Africa, Northern Australia and Islands of tropical Pacific. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruits. Several species live around human habitation and are effectively omnivores. They act as host of various parasites such as; nematodes, trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalan. During the present studies on the helminth parasites of Family Sturnidae of District Larkana, a total of 240 hosts were examined. Present studies reflect some new helminths in addition to the already reported from the different host species of Family Sturnidae. It was found that the prevalence of the nematodes (46.45 %) was highest followed by trematodes (37.67 %) and cestodes (15.58 %) respectively. The minimum prevalence (0.28 %) was found for the acanthocephalan. Among the helminths only 29 species have been identified viz: 09 species of nematodes, 10 species of trematodes, 09 species of cestodes and 01 species of acanthocephalan are reported.