النزاهة من فن البديع المعنوي بين التعريف والتطبيق

The variety and difference in natural capabilities of a nation can be observed in their conversational skills. If the mental level of an individual has properly grown up, his power of expression, vocabulary and style of reasoning will be defiantly of high standard as compared to a common man. Similarly, when these skills get a literary shape it become more standardized. “Al Nazaha” is the art of the speech having similarity with satire (هجو )to a level but is different in many aspects with respect to its application, such as purification of plebian words )كالم سوقيانه, )reformative critical outlook and broad thinking etc. This article deals with the art of speech )النزاهة )its introduction and utilization in the Arabic and Islamic sources

Taxonomy of the Band-Winged Grasshoppers Oedipodinae: Acrididae: Acridoidea: Orthoptera of Pakistan

Grasshoppers belonging to subfamily Oedipodinae are commonly known as band- winged grasshoppers and are brightly colored, they often flash their wings during flight. These grasshoppers are of considerable economic importance, and generally occur in wide range of habitat, ranging from agricultural loam, deserted, semi deserted and hilly areas having the vegetation of grasses, herbs and shrubs. The growing list of described species and sub species their possible economic importance as well as lack of any comparative taxonomic study and need for accurate identification to certain knowledge of relationship within subfamily Oedipodinae. Keeping in view this it is essential to identify them accurately so that diagnosis of an economic problem can be properly made. The grasshoppers were collected with the help of traditional hand net from agricultural crops, hilly areas, deserted and semi deserted plains having the vegetation of grasses, herbs and shrubs. Two species and one sub species namely, Hilethera balucha, Sphingonotus sindhensis,and S.nebulosis tokhai` is described new to science. Acrotylus patruelis is recorded for the first time from this area. During the present study thirty species and sub species of Oedipodinae grasshoppers were studied. of these in Epacromini,5 species , 5 in Acrotylini, 4, in Oedipodini,6, in Locustini, and 12 in Sphingonotini,1. in Trilophidini. Occurrence of many of the previously recorded species has been confirmed and their distribution has been extended to new localities. The descriptions, synonymy, of the various species studied are given. In addition to these a simplified taxonomic key based on the external morphology and on genitalia have been prepared separation of tribes, genera, and species of Oedipodinae. v