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Home > Agro. . Biological Studies of Sorghun Through Management of Legum. - Inter Cropping and Methods of Nitrogen Application

Agro. . Biological Studies of Sorghun Through Management of Legum. - Inter Cropping and Methods of Nitrogen Application

Thesis Info

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Author

Rashid, Abdur

Program

PhD

Institute

Gomal University

City

Dera Ismail Khan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2004

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3122/1/739.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725443757

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To study the effect of management of legumes inlercropping and methods of nitrogen applicatioll 011 sorghllm (Sorghum hieulor L.), two research eX1Jeri:mc''nts were conducted at Farm of Arid Zone Research Institute, Raila Kulachi, Dera ISIl1.aiJ Khan, Pakistan during the year 1999-00 and 20UU-0 I. In til\! first experiment, two dilrerent intercrops viz. mungbean (Viglla raJiaw) and guar (Cyamopsis Iil/mgolloloha,) were studied in three geometrical patterns of the base (sorghum). In the second experiment, four different levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 90 120 kg ha· j ) were evaluated with two different methods (soil application and foliar spray) of application on the growth characteristics and grain yield sorghum. The experiments were planted on 22"1 and 26''1< July during 1999 and 2000, respectively. Agronomic data recorded on different gro\.\1h characteristics and grain yield of the crop, were analyzed statistically through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan''s Multiple Range (DMR) test was employed 10 compute the significance of variance among treatment means The data revealed that the Leaf Area Index (LAl), number of panicle''l. weight of grain pancilc''!, grain and stalk yield and protein content IX of sorghum were ma~imllm in tile geometrical pattern of double row (30/90 em) strips plal1ling as compared to triple row (301120 em) snips and conventional planting of single rows (60 cm apan) The growing of legumes (mungbean and guar) as imercrops significantly reduced the yield componenlS (number and weight of grains panicle") and grain yield of sorghum, But. the additional harvest obtained from the imcrcrops compensated more than tile losses incurred in sorghum yield, The sorghum grain protein contem was also with intercropping of both the legumes than sole sorghum, The highest L and I was recorded in case of double row strips (30/90 em) planting pattern of sorghum with two rows of 111unghean as intercrops between 90 cm space of sorghulll mcome during 1999-00 and 2000-0 I, res;pecti'',eI''y Similarly, hioh,,,<. net and 2.32 Rs. 28137150 ami 15 11- wil h benefit cost rat io of was obtained wilen two rows of mUllgbean were intercropped between the double row (30190 em) strips of sorghum during 1999-00 and 2000-0 I. respectively, This suggested that the geometrical pattern of double row (30/90cm) strips of sorghum with two rows of mungbean as IIltercrops hp""",pn the 90 em space might be the most efficient practice lor optimum utilization of the available resources and maximizing ''he net income from the same piece of land as compared to rnonoculture and legume imercropping in conventional method of planting (60 cm apart rows) and or in triple row (301120 em) planting pallem of sorghum. The yield components and grain yield of sorghum were increased linearly and significantly up to the level of 90 kg N ha-I but additional increment Itl nitrogen supply could not any perceptible improvement in growth of sorghum, In case of method of applicatioll, soil applied nitrogen was found superior than foliar spray orit in all the traits of growth parameters and yield. On the basis of two years average data, the different levels of nitrogen 60,90 and 120 kg applied through soil 26.09, 33.26 and AO percent increase in LAL 37.90, 46.20 and 45.88 percent in number of grains panicle,l, 40.52. 48.78 and 48.63 percent in grain weight panicle'' I and 39.04, 49.13 and 48.95 percent in grain yield as compared 10 increase of 22.80. 30.41. and 30.41 percent in LA!. 34.51,43.77 and 43.21 percent in number of grains panicle", 37.09,46.39 and 45.96 percent in grain weight panicle" and 3394, 46.72 and 4593 percent in grain yield obtained with foliar spray of these levels of nitrogen over untreated (control) sorghulIl, respectively. The grain quality sorghum was also improved with nitrogen application than umrealed (control) sorghum. These results suggested that the nitrogen level of 90 kg ha''i through applicatioll method was an elliciellltechnique for increased crop yield ofsorghulll.
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ٹیلی ویژن کی اہمیت

ٹیلی ویژن کی اہمیت
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز سامعین اور میرے ہم مکتب شاہینو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’ٹیلی ویژن کی اہمیت‘‘
جنابِ صدر!
ترقی انسان کا مقدر ہے، یہ انسان ہمیشہ سے آگے بڑھتا آیا ہے مختلف قسم کی ایجادیں ہوئیں، مختلف حوالوں سے ترقی ہوئی ،مختلف شعبوں میں انسان نے ترقی کیلئے سرتوڑ کوشش کی اور پھر اس میں کامیابی حاصل ہوئی، انسان کو وہی کچھ ملتا ہے جس کے لیے جتنی کوشش کرتا ہے ،جتنی کدوکاوش کرتا ہے، اس کو اس کی محنت کا پھل اللہ تعالیٰ ضرور عطا فرماتا ہے۔
صدرِذی وقار!
کچھ عرصہ قبل کی بات ہے کہ ریڈ یوکی ایجاد نے دنیا کو ورطۂ حیرت میں ڈال دیا، اس میں ترقی ہوئی تو ٹیلی ویژن ایجاد ہو گیا، ٹیلی ویژن کی ایجاد ایک اہم ایجاد ہے ، ریڈیو نے کائنات کی وسعتیں اور فاصلے سمیٹے اور انسانی آوازوں کو ہزاروں میلوں تک پہنچایا توٹیلی ویژن نے اس سے بڑھ کر کام کیا ، اس نے ایک قدم اور آگے بڑھایا۔ آپ ٹیلی ویژن میں انسانوں کو گفتگو کرتے اورمتحرک دیکھ سکتے ہیں۔
صدرِ محترم!
ہم ٹیلی ویژن میں انسانوں کو اپنی آواز میں ، ان کی اپنی شکل وصورت میں، ان کے اپنے رنگ ڈھنگ میں، ان کے اپنے طور طریقوں میں دیکھ سکتے ہیں، ٹیلی ویژن کی ایجاداس جدید دور میں ایک نعمت سے کم نہیں ہے۔ مختلف پروگرام پیش کرتا ہے۔ مختلف علاقوں کی ثقافت سے متعارف کرواتا ہے، مختلف علاقوں کے خوبصورت مناظر سے قاری کی قوت بصارت کوتقویت دینے کا سبب بنتا ہے،تفریح کے مواقع پیش کرتا ہے۔
معزز سامعین!
پاکستان میں ٹیلی ویژن کی ابتدا1964ء میں ہوئی ، ٹیلی ویژن کے...

اخفائےمعانئ قرآن اوراشتراکِ لفظی جديد

Last revelation namely al- Quran has addressed the human beings in an eloquent way using all types of expressions and diction. The divine method of articulation for holy commandments is miraculous and opts all appealing techniques of communications that also includes use of homographs and metaphors. The word that are spelled the same but have different meaning are called Homographs. The reciter andreader of the Quran faces some difficulty in deciding the meaning of a Homographs used in the Quran that leads to difference of opinions. In the books of Quranic Sciences this term is called Mushtarak al –Lafzi. The article has been aimed to elaborate what is Mushtarak al –Lafzi and what are the impact of vagueness originated from these words of the Quran on Quranic exegesis. Some examples have been produced fromthe books of Quranic Studies regarding its influence on exegetical literature.

Biochemical Characterization of Glucans from Mushrooms and Their Application As Green Matrix for Nano-Particles

The use of antimicrobial drugs has decreased the frequency of infectious ailments. But their widespread use has generated drug-resistant microbes, so there is need to develop new rapid acting antibiotics with less side effects. The silver nanoparticles have been recognized as efficient broad spectrum antimicrobial agents. It uses mushroom glucans as reducing and capping agent to decline its toxicity. The present study was primarily, on the nutritional, biochemical and nutraceutical characterization of mushroom and ultimately, on the green synthesis of silver nano-particles with mushroom glucans and then characterization, antimicrobial and biochemical analysis through in vitro and in vivo studies. The four different Pleurotus spps. including P1: Pleurotus ostreatus, P3: Pleurotus sajor-caju, P6: Pleurotus sapidus and P8: Pleurotus columbinus were collected from mushroom culture bank of Medicinal Mushroom Laboratory, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Proximate analysis of the selected mushrooms depicted the protein (19.07-30.15%), ash (2.1-9.14%), carbohydrate (65.66-82.47%) and fiber contents (38.5-46.3%) were present in significant amounts whereas fats (1.04-6.01%) were in low concentration. All the mushrooms showed potential total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), DPPH radical scavenging and reducing properties. Selected mushrooms showed DNA protection against H2O2, by use of calf thymus (ctDNA). A moderate antimicrobial potential exhibited by all mushrooms against selected bacterial (E. coli, P. multocida, B. subtilis and S. aureus) and fungal species (A. niger, A. flavus, F. solani and H. maydis). Fatty acids profile by Gas chrometography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) showed that the unsaturated fatty acids were more prevalent over the saturated fatty acids in targeted Pleurotus spps. Quantitative protein analysis depicted h i g h concentration of proteins (33.47-45.78 mg/g) in selected Pleurotus spps. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis expressed variable concentration of sugars and organic acids present in the Pleurotus spps. Quantitative ascorbic acid analysis depicted that they were significantly higher (4.90-6.97 mg/g) in chosen Pleurotus spps. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of α-tocopherols and β-carotenes showed that they were present in targeted Pleurotus spps. Macro and micronutrients studies showed that all four Pleurotus spps. have minerals [Na (19.09-39.2 mg/100g) and K (4.84-11.98 mg/100g)] micronutrients [Ca (1.33-11 mg/100g), Mg (1.4-2.1 mg/100g) and P (2.1-4.3 mg/100g)] and xxv trace elements [Cu (10.2-15.42 mg/100g), Mn (2.1-7.4 mg/100g), Zn (37.5-54.6 mg/100g) and Fe (12.1-15.2 mg/100g)] while all were deficient of heavy metals like Pb. Green synthesis of silver nano-particles performed by glucans from selected Pleurotus spps. Extracted glucan and synthesized Glucan-AgNPs confirmed by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectra. Size of Glucan-AgNPs determined by Dynamic light scattering. The Glucans characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Glucan-AgNPs were characterized by FT-IR, Scanning electron microscopy-Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and XRD. In vitro studies showed that Glucan- AgNPs revealed excellent antimicrobial, biofilm inhibition and anti-cytotoxic potentials. In vivo studies performed on adult albino rats. The glucan-AgNPs significantly restored the physical (Temperature), hematological (Total leukocyte count, neutrophil (%age) count and ESR) and biochemical (C-reactive proteins) parameters elevated after induction of infection. Histological examination revealed that there was no deposition of silver in small intestine, skin, liver and kidney.