۲۰۰۹ء میں جب میں نے سرگودھا یونیورسٹی میں ایم۔ فل اُردو میں داخلہ لیا تو اُسی وقت سے ہی سیالکوٹ کے شعر و ادب کی تاریخ لکھنے کا خیال میرے ذہن میں تھا اور یوں بھی زمانہ طالب علمی سے جب میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں بی۔اے کا طالب علم تھا تو میری دلچسپی سیالکوٹ اور اس کے گردو نواح میں تخلیق پانے والے شعر و ادب اور اس علاقے کی تاریخی ،سیاسی ، سماجی و تہذیبی اور جغرافیائی اہمیت سے تھی۔ میں نے جس ماحول میں آنکھ کھولی وہ خطۂ سیالکوٹ کا روایتی ماحول تھا۔ یہ خیال آتا تھا کہ قدیم ترین خطۂ سیالکوٹ میں وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ جو تبدیلیاں رونما ہوئیں اور خاص طور پر جنھوں نے اس علاقے کے شعر و ادب کو متاثر کیا۔ اس کے بارے میں تحقیق ہونی چاہیے۔ اس سلسلے میں سب سے پہلے میں نے ۲۰۱۰ء میں سرگودھا یونیورسٹی میں ایم۔فل اُردو کے لیے تحقیقی مقالے ’’سیالکوٹ میں اُردو شاعری کا ارتقا ۱۹۴۷ء تا ۲۰۰۹ء ‘‘ کا انتخاب کیا۔ اس تحقیقی و تنقیدی مقالے میں شعرائے سیالکوٹ کے سوانحی حالات اور ان کی شاعری کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ لیا گیا ہے۔ اس مقالے میں تشنگی رہہ گئی تھی کیوں کہ اس میں شاعری کی مکمل ادبی تاریخ کا بھی صحیح معنوں میں تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ نہیں لیا گیا تھا۔ ضرورت اس امر کی تھی کہ سیالکوٹ کے شعری ادب کے ساتھ ساتھ نثری ادب کا بھی مکمل طورپر تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ لیا جائے ۔اس عظیم کام کو سر انجام دینے کے لیے تحقیق کار نے ۲۰۱۲ء میں یونیورسٹی آف سرگودھا میں پی۔ایچ ڈی اردو میں داخلہ لیا۔ ۲۰۱۴ء میں یونیورسٹی نے ’’سیالکوٹ میں نقدو ادب کی روایت‘‘ عنوان کے تحت ریسرچ پروپوزل پی ایچ ڈی اُردو مقالے کے لیے منظور...
Feminism begins at home. To test this question this article is based on findings of a survey and discussion with three generations of mothers, who had struggled for ensuring rights of their daughters in particular. They represent diverse ethnic groups of Pakistan. True, in an overall patriarchal environment, mothers are blamed for perpetuating son preference and socializing the daughters to a submissive role, but it is also true that mothers of somewhat different inclination have been continuously resisting the odds put in their daughters’ ways to enjoy and progress in life. Even in rural areas, illiterate mothers’ have been asserting for daughter’s education, mobility, cultural participation and choice in marriage. Mothers have been promoting daughters’ rights, a struggle which can be labeled as ‘activism in domestic space’, which is transmitted and reinforced down the generations of mothers. Thus the role of mothers in changing cultural values and gender stereotypes is essential to be studied. They have the agency for taking initiatives in a domain which instills feminism very successfully in an unnoticeable way. The study proves that even mothers can be corrosive for patriarchy. Selection of three generations of mothers from rural and urban areas and different ethnic groups provides a good cross-section and shows the trend in various sociological regions.
Politicians, policy makers and economic managers want to spur economic growth, bring economic stability and to create jobs. Economic growth is not only affected by macroeconomic policies but it is also prone to various types of shocks. Appropriate and timely policy response can at least minimize, if not completely escaped, the distortions and loses associated with shocks. Optimization of economic growth and its sustainability demands the execution of good macroeconomic policies in general and fiscal and monetary policy in particular. Some time fiscal policy seems to be more effective while the environment is more favorable for monetary policy in other times. We also know that both fiscal and monetary policy have different objective with different policy instruments. The macroeconomic situation of Pakistan’s is very depressing and the situation demands stark assessment of its macroeconomic policies particularly fiscal and monetary policy. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy using small scale open economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. This thesis explores the responsiveness of monetary policy to fiscal policy vis-à-vis explore the fiscal implications of monetary policy. As we assume a small scale open economy, we also explore the responses of fiscal and monetary policy interaction to technology and foreign output shocks. We also countercheck few results using the techniques of autoregressive distributive lag model. Our findings reveal the existence of interaction between fiscal and monetary policy in Pakistan. The response of interest rate to fiscal policy, particularly to tax shock is positive. Fiscal and monetary policy behaves as a strategic complements. This is not a good sign for a crippling economy like Pakistan’s as two important macroeconomic policies are contractionary simultaneously. Similarly when it comes to spending component, interest rate negatively responds when government increases spending. Both fiscal and monetary authority adopts expansionary policies simultaneously. We also find that higher interest rate discourage government borrowing. Inflation responds negatively to interest rate in DSGE set up while the phenomenon of price puzzle exists in ARDL schemes of things. The response of inflation is positive to both higher taxes and government spending. Government spending reduces in response to a monetary policy shock. Tax revenue also reduces when interest rate shock occurs in the economy. Inflation also raises the revenue from taxes but is very short lived.