The present research work was conducted to evaluate the effect of allelopathic crops like sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and brassica (Brassica compestris L.) on weeds, productivity and rhizosphere of mung bean during 2014 and 2015. Laboratory trials were conducted in Plant and Microbial Ecology Lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Three sets of field experiments were conducted and repeated at Student Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. In all three field experiments, crop water extracts (10 and 20 L ha-1) were foliar applied at 15 DAS and residues incorporation (4 and 6 tons ha-1) was done before sowing. Among all the treatments residue incorporation at 6 tons ha-1 showed the highest suppression of weed density, fresh and dry weight (sorghum; 62, 67, 65%, sunflower; 57, 66, 61% and brassica; 52, 61, 56% respectively). In case of soil properties significant improvement was observed by the application of crop residues at 6 tons ha-1 as compared with control. In all three field experiments maximum mung bean seed yield was improved (37%, 36% and 33%) by the application of sorghum, sunflower and brassica crop residues, respectively at 6 tons ha-1 as compared with control. Sorghum, sunflower and brassica residues incorporation at 6 tons ha-1 had higher net benefits (306, 339 and 347 $ ha-1, respectively) followed by 4 tons ha-1 during both years. In the fourth experiment the bacterial strains 4-17HM, C-14HM, C-17HM and 10-10M isolated from rhizosphere soil of mung bean which was amended by allelopathic crop water extracts and residues, showed the highest resistance against synthetic allelochemicals and allelopathic crop water extracts and the maximum nitrogen fixing, zinc and phosphate solubilization activity. So, the whole study was concluded that the residues incorporation of different allelopathic crops (sorghum, sunflower and brassica) was more effective than their water extracts application in weed suppression, improvement in soil health and productivity of mung bean. Application of crop residues at 6 tons ha-1 was the most effective and economical treatment with highest net benefit and marginal rate of returns. Due to their resistance and active role of bacterial strains in the rhizosphere, as nitrogen fixer, zinc and phosphate solubilizer, they could be applied with the allelopathic crop water extracts and residues to manage weeds and improve soil health.
ایمان کا ایک بنیادی جز اس بات کا متقاضی ہے کہ نہ صرف اس بات پر یقین کامل ہونا چاہیے کہ حضور اکرمﷺبحیثیت خاتم النبیین اللہ تعالیٰ کے آخری نبی ہیں بلکہ اس کے ساتھ ساتھ آپﷺ کی ذات مبارکہ سے انتہا درجے کا عشق ہونا بھی ضروری ہے اور آپ کی تعلیمات پر عمل پیرا رہنا ہر صاحب ایمان مرد عورت پر فرض ہے۔ بحیثیت مسلمان ہمیں حضور پاک ﷺکی سیرت مبارکہ کے مختلف گوشوں کا مطالعہ کرنے کی ضرورت ہے تا کہ اپنی زندگی میں ان اصولوں کی پیروی کی جائے جو ہمارے لئے اسوہ حسنہ ہیں۔ لین دین کے معاملات سے لے کر حقوق العباد تک، عبادات سے لے کر ایمانیات و روحانیات تک الغرض شعبہ زندگی و عبادات سے متعلق ہر ممکنہ پہلوؤں تک ہماری یہی کوشش رہتی ہے کہ ہم سنت رسولﷺ کی پیروی کریں اور رسول اکرمﷺ کی تمام سنتوں کی مکمل طور پر پیروی کی جائے جو بدعات سے پاک ہوں۔ قرآن کے مطلوب و مقصود کے عین مطابق ہوں اور حضور اکرمﷺ کی اصل تعلیمات و تشریحات پر ہی مبنی ہو۔دین کے ایک طالب علم ہونے کی وجہ سے چونکہ ہم سیرت النبیﷺ کے مطالعہ کی اہمیت سے انکار نہیں کر سکتے۔ چنانچہ ہماری کوشش رہتی ہے کہ ہماری علمی تراث میں سیرت نگاری پر جتنا لیٹریچر مرتب کیا جا چکا ہے اس کا ایک تاریخی جائزہ لیا جائے۔ مصادر سیرت کے ہر ہر جز کی بنیاد کے فہم کو سمجھا جائے اور ایک عجمی ہونے کے ناطے ہمیں جہاں عربی مصادر سیرت نگاری کا مطالعہ کرنا درکار ہو گا وہیں اردو زبان میں شائع شدہ سیرت نگاری کا ایک تفصیلی و تحقیقی (بشمول...
One of the primary goals of this study was to explore how a budget review approach may affect Nigeria's economic development. The reasoning was that the Nigerian economy was being challenged by a variety of imbalances in budget creation and implementation. The study strategy was based on events that occurred after the study was completed, and the data used in the study came from the Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and the Federal Ministry of Finance. A model was constructed based on both empirical and theoretical investigations in order to achieve this broad goal. The HDI, which was utilized as a measure of development, was the dependent variable in the model. The government's capital budget, recurrent budget, and the speed of annual budget implementation were the other independent variables in the model. They examined data using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model, diagnostic tests such as the test of normality, auto correlation test, and heteroskedasticity test, which proved the validity and reliability of the model they chose; inferential results reveal that the use of budget evaluation had a positive and significant impact on the Nigerian economy. According to the study's suggestions, Nigeria's government should try to increase capital and recurrent expenditures in its annual budget, both of which have a significant impact on economic development. Finally, the government should work to build budget monitoring and review infrastructure that will aid in the effective implementation of large budget expenditures while also ensuring compliance with legal procedures.
Dengue fever is one of the important and most common mosquitoe borne diseases in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Since 1994, the dengue fever is appearing as a fatal health hazard in Pakistan. Two severe outbreaks of dengue were recorded during the years-2011 in Punjab Province and 2013 in Swat District, wherein hundreds of people died and 1000s more remained with the potential risk of the fetal fever. This thesis encompasses molecular biology of the major dengue outbreaks of Pakistan in general and the first hand information on the dengue outbreak of the year 2013 in District Swat. In order to characterize the dengue virus (DENV), blood samples from 1795 dengue patients were obtained and analyzed through RT-PCR, for its epidemiology, evolutionary history and prevalent genotypes/serotypes of the outbreaks. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out through MEGA, PhyML software and selection pressure was determined through SLAC, REL and FEL methods implemented in Datamonkey software. Whereas Recombination Event Detection was analysed through GARD method and nucleotide and amino acid identities were determined throgu Clustal Omega. Results of the study were based upon the characterization of 4 complete sequences of DENV-2, 7 NS3 genome sequences of DENV-2 and 10 each of the C, E and NS3 gene sequences, of DENV-3. The results revealed that the active dengue infection in Swat District was 30.5% with the prevalence of DENV-2 and DENV-3 as 36.6 and 62.8 percent, respectively which shows that the major serotypes circulating in Swat were DENV-2 and DENV-3. Furthermore xii DENV-1 and DENV-4 were not detected in any of the sample collected from Swat. In Punjab Province during the 2011 outbreak the active infection was 58.5%, of which the prevalence of DENV-2 and DENV-3 was 41.8 and 38.0 percent, respectively, which figured-out that these two serotypes were mainly involved in the dengue outbreak of the year-2011. A limited incidence of DENV-4 and DENV-1 in 2011 outbreak in Punjab at the rate of 9.5 and 4.5 percent respectively was also recorded. Phylogenetic analysis based on both complete genomes and the NS3 gene sequences of DENV-2 grouped the Pakistani isolates as cosmopolitan genotypes. Wheras no recombination was detected in the entire genome of DENV-2 of Pakistani isolates. The phylogenetic analyses, percent nucleotides and amino acids identities of the complete genomes of DENV-2 indicated that the 2013 dengue outbreak in Swat was a continuation of the 2011 dengue infections in Punjab. Furthermore the Pakistani isolates wre found to be genetically more close to the Indian isolates based upon the nucleotide (97.1%) and amino acid (98.5%) identities. The selection pressure analyses revealed no positively selected sites in any of the genes of the DENV-2 among Pakistani isolates. However codon 65 of C, 155 of PrM, 203 of E and 254 of NS1 genes were under negative selection pressure. The highest substitution rate observed among amino acids residues of the ORF of all DENV-2 Pakistani isolates, was between arginine and lysine residues, followed by valine and isoleucine. Phylogenetic analysis of DENV-3 on the basis of the complete E gene and NS3 gene sequences grouped the Pakistani isolates into the genotype III; recognized that the year’s 2013 xiii outbreak in Swat was the continuation of the previous outbreaks in Pakistan and the Pakistani DENV-3 isolates are more closely related to Indian and Chinese isolates. Analyses of the C gene of DENV-3 of the year-2011 were mostly conserved for lysine, arginine and asparagine. The viruses of the 2013 outbreak of Swat District showed the amino acids change for the nonpolar P (proline) and polar K (lysine) instead of R and N in the C gene. All the viruses isolated from the year-2011 dengue outbreak of Punjab showed a conserved pattern of nucleotides/amino acids as compared to the DENV-3 isolates of the dengue outbreak in Swat. This pattern may be due to one of the reasons that viruses established a severe infection in the relatively colder area of Swat and its adaptation to the new environment. Selection pressure analyses of NS3 genes of DENV-3 revealed no negatively or positively selected sites using all the three analytical tools. However codon 94 and 477 of the E genes turned out to be under negative selection pressure. From the selection pressure analysis it is assumed that the emergence and spread of dengue in Pakistan is more due to permissive ecological conditions than the drastic genetic changes in the viral gemome. Hence it is recommended that concerted efforts in terms of public awareness, vector control and household protection measures against dengue should be adopted to check its spread to other areas of Pakistan.