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Home > Alleviation of Cadminum Stress in Wheat by Exogenous Application of Moringa Leaf Extract and Ascorbic Acid

Alleviation of Cadminum Stress in Wheat by Exogenous Application of Moringa Leaf Extract and Ascorbic Acid

Thesis Info

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Author

Farhat, Fozia

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Botany

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10190/1/Fozia%20Farhat_Botany_2018_UAF_PRR.docx

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725455922

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Presence of hazardous heavy metals particularly cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soil of Faisalabad city is becoming a serious health hazard as well as loss in valuable nutritionous crops like wheat. To address such concerns, contemporary research was designed to investigate response of wheat at two morpho-physiological stages of wheat (Tillering & Boot) against cadmium. The mitigation of cadmium stress with economically and environmentally friendly osmoprotectant moringa leaf extract (3% aqueous) was addressed along with synthetic osmoprotectant ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is well known compound for its antioxidant properties. Moringa leaf extract also consist of many important micro and macronutrients which may be helpful for plant to recover from abiotic stresses. This diversified plant extract can be used as potential osmoprotectant against cadmium stress. To understand special effects of moringa leaf extract and ascorbic acid against cadmium stress in wheat, a pot experiment was designed in two consecutive years 2014-15 and 2015-16. The results presented in the form of graphs and tables are taken as average of two-year trial on wheat with proposed treatments. Growth attributes showed deleterious effect of cadmium alone but combine effect of cadmium with MLE resulted in enhanced growth, though it was slightly less than non-stresses (control) plants, but still effect of MLE followed by AsA was appreciatable on growth at 500µM Cd than other level of cadmium tested during current study. Inhibitory effect of cadmium was also observed in case of reduced photosynthetic activity, water related attributes and gas exchange attributes. This showed an overall effect of photosynthetic machinery and water balance of wheat cultivars under stress. Reduction in growth may be related to reduce photosynthetic activity and can be referred to as stress avoidance by plant to utilize its energy for developmental process at later stages. This may be the result of high photosynthetic rate at booting stage than tillering stage as data recorded in current experiment. MLE and AsA positively correlated with cadmium. Biochemical attributes also showed a negative response with both levels of cadmium. At the onset of cadmium stress, wheat cultivars start producing reactive oxygen species which effect wheat physiology. Lipid peroxidation was also enhanced with cadmium. But combined effect of cadmium and MLE caused mitigation of stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation and H2O2 activity. Ascorbic acid was also good enough to mitigate cadmium stress. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were also showed differential behavior with different treatments with and without cadmium at both stages of wheat. Cadmium (1000µM) treatment adversely affects plant by reducing SOD, POX, CAT and total soluble protein activity. This showed sensitivity for wheat cultivars at this level of cadmium stress while 500µM level of cadmium stress can be overcome by foliar treatment of MLE and AsA by producing enough antioxidants to manifest tolerance in wheat plant. For most of the enzymatic antioxidants, booting stage showed enhanced activity under stress to create tolerance in both cultivars. Galaxy-13 is more tolerant variety than Faisalabad-08 for enzymatic antioxidants. Non-enzymatic antioxidants also played potential role to combate cadmium with foliar application of MLE and AsA to enhance survival rate of wheat. A few of non-enzymatic antioxidanted like ascorbic acid, glycine betaine, proline, total soluble sugar, total soluble phenolics, alpha tocopherol, total free amino acid was tested to check their role as asmoprotectant and non-enzymatic antioxidant. Ascorbic acid activity was enhanced with cadmium stress which was further enhanced by MLE and AsA. Cadmium stimulated the innate mechanism of wheat by increasing ascorbate contents. All other osmoprotectants enhanced slightly with 500µM cadmium but adversely decreased with 1000µM cadmium. Potential phenolics like quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, m-coumeric acid and chlorogenic acid accumulated in wheat with MLE at both stages. Data for yield attributes were collected only at boot stage. Yield of wheat attributes were judged for reduced number of fertile tillers, spikes and spikelets per plant and spike respectively and 1000 grain weight (g). MLE improved all above-mentioned parameters better than AsA by mitigating advere effects of cadmium stress in wheat.
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پنڈت ہردے ناتھ کنزرو

پنڈت ہردے ناتھ کنزرو
یہ سطریں لکھی جارہی تھیں کہ پنڈت ہردنے ناتھ کنزرد کی وفات کی خبر ملی، انھوں نے بڑی لمبی عمر پائی، نوے سال کے تھے، وہ ایک جلیل القدر، مرنجان مرنج، بامروت، وضعدار شخصیت، پارلیمانی دستور کے بڑے ماہر ہندو مسلمان کی ملی جلی تہذیب کے عمدہ نمونہ اور اردو زبان کے بڑے محسن کی حیثیت سے برابر یاد کئے جائیں گے، وہ اپنی ترشی ہوئی بھلمنساہت کی وجہ سے ہندوستان کی سیاست کی جذباتی ہم آہنگی کے قابل تقلید نمونہ بن سکتے ہیں، بشرطیکہ موجودہ قومی دھارے کے بنانے والے ان کو ایسا ہی سمجھیں۔ (’صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، اپریل ۱۹۷۸ء)

آداب معاشرت، سورة حجرات کی گیارهویں اور بارهویں آیات کے تناظر میں

Dr. Shari'ati is a revolutionary intellectual personality of this century. He regarded Islamic values ​​as the guarantee of salvation and success for humanity. He sought to mobilize and revive frozen Islamic ideas. That is, tried to bring the Islamic concept out of the boundaries of formal and congested boundaries into common and general thoughts. Dr. Shari'ati also presented a unique view that divine Imam transcends than worldly governments and this divine leadership cannot be determined by (Shuraiet). Rather, it can be diagnosed by an obvious reason (Nass). This doctrine of Dr. Shari'ati is contrary to the ideology of the Sunni and the Shi'ite’s concept of Imamat and Khilafat because the Sunni sect believes that Khilafat Or Imamt should be determine by the Shurait (Council) and Shiites by the will(Nass). According to Dr. Shairathi, Imamat cannot be determining through Shourait or Nass but it can be identified by the superior attributes of the Imam. He believes that Imamat is not an external factor which can gain by attainment or by choice; rather, it is an Inherit object.  In accepting this doctrine of Dr. Shari'ati, than the Imamat becomes a part of the system of naturalism (Takveeni). That makes the Imamat not a model process for humanity. So it would be a complicated issue to discuss and discover either the theory of Dr. Shari'ati is a applicable idea of Imamat or it is a just onlyu idialogy which cannot be practiced. The dissertation has been written to examine the reality of these two cases either Imamat is inherit case or it can be attainment case through Shouriat or Nass.   

A Product-Line Model-Driven Engineering Approach for Mobile Applications Generation and Performance Testing

Mobile application development is emerging as one of the focused areas in the software industry due to the exponential growth of mobile users and applications. The mobile market is highly competitive and the applications developed need to work under strict performance constraints to meet the expectations of end users. A significant challenge faced by the industry is developing multiple native variants of mobile applications to support different mobile operating systems, varying mobile devices, and varying application functional requirements. The mobile devices typically have limited memory, battery power, and processing speed, which makes performance testing of these applications very important. The current industrial practice is manual development and testing of several native variants for a mobile application. Any potential change has to be applied and tested across variants manually, which is neither efficient nor scalable. In this thesis, the problem of developing various native variants of a mobile application is considered as a ‘software product-line engineering’ problem. The thesis proposes a novel product-line model-driven engineering approach for mobile applications that addresses the key challenges of generating of feature-based native mobile application variants for multiple platforms. Specifically, the approach deals with three types of variations in mobile applications: variation due to operating systems and their versions, software, and hardware capabilities of mobile devices, and functionalities offered by the mobile applications. The models developed are used to generate mobile variants automatically. Due to the variation in mobile devices, the overall performance of generated variants may significantly vary across platforms. Once the native variants are generated, performance testing of mobile applications across various platforms is also of key importance to ensure that the variants are performing within acceptable limits. For this purpose, an automated model-based performance testing approach is proposed that specifically focuses on the evaluation of mobile device processing, memory, and battery consumption for native application variants. The proposed approach is supported by an automated MOPPET tool and is applied to two industrial case studies. The tool is used to generate the application variants and test their performance. The results of applying the approach to case studies show that the proposed approach is applicable to industrial mobile applications and have the potential to significantly reduce the development and testing efforts. A questionnaire-based survey is conducted to evaluate the usefulness of the proposed approach. The analysis of the survey summarizes that the presented approach addresses the challenges of generating and performance testing of mobile application variants.