Mungbean is superior over all other pulses because it is rich in proteins (24.2%), carbohydrates (60.4%), dietary fiber (14.73%) and very low in fat (0.67%) and can substitute meat quite well especially for poor people. This valuable & high nutritive pulse has low yield due to the shortage of irrigated land as large agricultural land is affected by salt. Its yield can be increased by utilizing huge saline affected fields for its cultivation. Due to salt-sensitive nature of mungbean, five renowned genotypes NM-92, NM-98, NM-51, NM13-1, and NM19-19 were first evaluated under 0, 50, 150, 250 & 350 mM NaCl stress in this study at seedling stage. Among all genotypes NM-92 performed better for all growth, photosynthetic parameters, total soluble proteins, and antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT and SOD while, NM19-19 so considered to be highly sensitive at all concentration of NaCl. These two genotypes were further evaluated for cytotoxicity of NaCl. Where, NM-92 showed significantly higher mitotic index and the lesser number of chromosomal aberrations like stickiness in the chromosome, lagged anaphase, spiralization of chromosomes, bridge and disturbed anaphase then NM19-19 genotype. Therefore, enhancing further salt tolerance in mungbean plants to utilize huge saline agricultural lands, application of heat-shock (40 °C for 1h) and phytohormones (GAᴣ, IAA, and SA for 24h) were effective to minimize the adverse effect of salinity. For this purpose, pre- and post-imbibition of phytohormones were first assessed to find out the most effective treatment for salt tolerance. This experiment showed that pre-imbibition treatment of phytohormone alleviates salt stress much better than post-treatment of phytohormone. Furthermore, heat-shock (40 °C), was also able to induce salt tolerance when applied prior to salt stress. The pre-treatment effect of heat-shock (40 °C), gibberellic acid (100 μM), indole acetic acid (100 μM), and salicylic acid (50 μM) on salt-stressed seedlings were investigated for some growth, photosynthetic, biomolecular, and biochemical parameters. Where, the maximum increase in seedling length, fresh biomass, total photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein, and activities of SOD, APX, GPX, & CAT were found in SA pre-imbibed seedlings as compared to control, and any treatments. In contrast, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents were decreased in SA pre-treated salt stressed seedlings. Moreover, protein profile and dendrogram analysis grouped 25 treatments into 6 clusters. Where group of treatments in each cluster showed 100 % homology when comparison was made. However, pre-imbibition of SA treatment showed more divergent and higher number of protein bands among all treatments. Therefore, salicylic acid has a positive role in the mitigation of damage caused by salt stress for all mungbean genotypes. Thus, it is recommended that 50 μM salicylic acid pre-imbibed mungbean seeds have potential to be efficiently grow and give high yield on salt affected zone of the cultivable region, and among all genotypes NM-92 performed best and proved to be most salt tolerant genotype.
حکیم عبد النبی شجرطہرانی(۱۹۶۸۔۱۸۷۲) ہمیر پور جموں میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اصل نام عبد النبی اور شجر تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ کے والد دہلی میں طبیب تھے۔۱۹۰۲ء میں آپ نے میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ سے طب کی سند حاصل کی۔(۶۲) ۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے والدین سمیت جموں سے ہجرت کی اور سیالکوٹ میں مستقل سکونت اختیار کی۔ (۶۳) جب شجر میڈیکل کالج لکھنؤ میں طالب علم تھے تو اسی دور میں آپ کو حضرت داغ دہلوی سے تلمذ ہوا۔ اس دور میں شجر اپنا کلام داغ دہلوی کو دکھایا کرتے تھے۔(۶۴) شجر سند یافتہ طبیب تھے۔ آپ فوجی ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت سے برطانوی فوج میں شامل ہوئے۔ مولانا جوہر اور مولانا شوکت علی کے ساتھ تحریکِ خلافت کے دوران متعدد جلسوں میں حصہ لیا۔۱۹۲۰ء میں آپ نے کانگریس کی رکنیت اختیار کی۔ بعد ازاں کانگریس چھوڑ کر مجلسِ احرار میں شامل ہو گئے۔(۶۵) شجر کے عطاء اﷲ شاہ بخاری سے گہرے مراسم تھے جب وہ سیالکوٹ آتے تو شجر کی قیام گاہ پر قیام کرتے۔ شجر نے ۸۰ سال متحرک ادبی زندگی گزاری اور تقریباً ایک لاکھ شعر کہے۔ ان کی باقیات کے پاس ان کے بائیس شعری مسودات محفوظ ہیں لیکن ان کے اکثر مسودے نایاب ہیں اور گم ہو گئے ہیں۔(۶۶) شجر کی زندگی میں ان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’صبرِ جمیل‘‘ ۱۸ اگست ۱۹۲۸ء کو شائع ہوا۔ اس کا مکمل نام مثنوی سرگزشت یتیم المعروف صبرِ جمیل ہے۔ شجر نے اس میں ایک یتیم کی سرگزشت کو اپنے اشعار میں پیش کیا ہے۔ اس میں صبر‘ استقلال و صداقت‘ تقویٰ و ذہانت‘ عصمت دنیاوی‘ انقلابات اور عروج و زوال جیسے مضامین نہایت خوبی سے نبھائے گئے ہیں۔ دوسراشعری مجموعہ ’’زبانِ فطرت‘‘ جو نظموں پر مشتمل ہے، ۱۹۲۹ء کو مقبول عام پریس لاہور سے منشی غلام احمد نے شائع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں خارو گل‘ نسیم و بہار‘ شام و سحر‘ روز و شب اور نورو ظلمات کے تعلق...
In the Islamic Sharia there are two types of texts, as for the first one, there is no need for any interpretations. For instance: Tauhid (unity of Allah), while few interpretations have modiefied with the changing circumstances. The expertises of Islamic jurists highlight the interpretations of the text according to prevailing social and political environment which can create harmony between Islamic Sharia and importunity of nature. Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah are those personalities who evaluated the intellectual efforts of Islamic jurists and describe their diligencial and margenial secondary level differences. They created a road of conformity between their minor level marginal differences which are legitimate. Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah‘s methodologies of uniformity represent the facts that differences in the approaches of jurists, which are considered as segregation in the reality that is benevolence for Muslim Ummah. Their methodologies of uniformity are not only practical but also very useful in the context of global village. In this age ethical, social, and family problems can be solved through the method of uniformity. For the solution of issues like intellectual extremism, prejudice and terrorism, Imam Sharani and Shah Wali Ullah‘s methodologies of uniformity are beaconhouse.
Literature (Foster, 2004), agrees that there is a relative absence of research that documents the experience of male and female headteachers leadership in relation to school improvement. This qualitative life history study explores a male and female head teachers' experiences of leading school improvement in two secondary schools of Azeem Education System, Northern Areas of Pakistan. Semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis were the main source of data generation. The study revealed that the context of leadership and school improvement are relative and are influenced by the contexts of a school and the communities in which the school is situated. The needs, demands and future trends as viewed in these contexts shape and guide headteachers' leadership practices and their school improvement efforts. So, an explanation of headteachers' experiences of leading school improvement also needs to be taken into account not only their personal skills but also to see, how well they were able to respond to the school context. Studies showed that gender may play an important role in teachers' ascend to headship. Male teachers have better chances to avail headship position due to their better academic qualification. While female may need to struggle longer to achieve better academic and professional credential in order to prove their ability of assuming headship position. In order to enhance headteachers' efforts in leading school improvement, some recommendations to the organization were made, that the organization needs to acknowledge headteachers' diverse leadership practices for school improvement. This also requires recognition of headteachers' unique life histories (personal and professional), which shape and guide their unique perceptions and practices of leading schools for improvement. In this connection, the study recommends that professional development programmes for headteachers may include life histories of the headteachers, in order to understand their perceptions and practices of leadership, particularly in the context of their efforts to school improvement.