Environmental stresses are among the most limiting factors to plant productivity. Among these, salinity is one of the biggest problems of Pakistan due to its arid to semi-arid climate. A rapid increase in demand for food due to increasing population, there is need to have salt tolerant crop genotypes in saline land for proper cultivation to meet this increasing demand. To investigate the effect of salinity on plant morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes and role of potassium in alleviating harmful effects of salinity in maize hybrids, two solution culture and one pot experiment were conducted. Initially, 9 maize hybrids were grown for four weeks in solution culture using three salinity levels (control, 50 and 100 mM NaCl). On the basis of biomass accumulation and K+/Na+ ratio, maize hybrids (26204, Hysun 33) and (8441, 33H25) emerged as salt tolerant and salt sensitive respectively. Subsequently, physiology and biochemistry of salt tolerant and salt sensitive maize hybrids were evaluated in solution culture and pot experiment under various levels of potassium and salinity. Results revealed that plant growth, RWC, MSI, chlorophyll contents and photosynthetic parameters of all maize hybrids decreased under salinity stress. But salt tolerant maize hybrids show significantly better plant growth relative to salt sensitive maize hybrids. Addition of potassium significantly alleviates the harmful effects of salinity by improving plant morphological, physiological attributes and enhancing antioxidant enzymes activities. The beneficial effects of potassium were more pronounced in salt tolerant maize hybrids than salt sensitive maize hybrids. Furthermore, salt tolerant and salt sensitive maize hybrids were grown in solution culture under salinity and heavy metal (Cd) stress. The results confirmed that salt tolerant maize hybrid 26204 is also Cd stress tolerant by showing better growth under both stress condition relative to maize hybrid 8441. Keyword: maize hybrid, salinity, potassium, antioxidant enzymes
۱۹۳۹ء میں مولانا مودودیؒ نے پہلی مرتبہ براہ راست سیاست میں حصہ لینا شروع کیا ،اورلاہور منتقل ہوگئے جہاں وہ اسلامیہ کالج میں اسلامی علوم پر لیکچر بھی دینے لگے۔لاہورمیں انھیں اپنی سرگرمیوں کے لئے وسیع میدان مل گیا ۔انھوں نے مسلمانوں کے سیاسی مستقبل کے موضوع پر تقاریر اورمضامین کاسلسلہ شروع کردیا ۔لاہورمیں قیام کے دوران ہی آپ نے سیاست کے ساتھ ساتھ مذہبی سرگرمیوں کوبھی تیز کردیا۔[[1]]
[[1]] عبدالعزیزبلوچ، مفسرین عظام اوران کی تفسیری خصوصیات ،ص۱۹۸
Modern day man has excelled in science to such an extent that revolutionary changes have been made in every walk of life. Those things which were impossible yesterday, are a reality today. One cannot deny the modern research and discoveries. Organ transplantation now a days is an important matter. The importance of this treatment is increase day by day, because this matter is related to the protection of ethical values on one hand. It seems that the use of Human organs and components is against the ethical value. On the other hand of some patients, organ translation is the only method of treatment and Shariah has allowed to fulfill human needs. In order to solve this problem two different view point will be sought to determine that whether this treatment is against the Quran and Sunnah or not.
In this modern era, a world without synthetic polymers is incredible. In spectacle of rapidly depleting natural resources, synthetic polymers have become an elegant alternative. Polyurethanes are one of these, that have been developed as an exclusive class of polymers with wide variety of applications in foams, elastomers, coatings, sealants, textile finishing, automotive, insulation and footwear industries. Polyurethane based coating systems have a proven record in the coatings industry dominating the market in some applications because they exhibit a high level of quality. These coatings allow high variability of the property profile and can be fitted for a specific application by changing, the chemical structure of the constituents or the molecular weight and degree of branching of the chains. Polyurethane coatings are in general more expensive. Polyurethane chemistry permits the amalgamation of functional groups which can be used to modify properties. To take advantage of polyurethane film-forming properties, a combination with cheaper materials is now a common practice in the coating market, leading to new different products. Of the most popular second components, one is the acrylic dispersion and the new product combines the excellent mechanical and chemical properties of the polyurethane resin with the low price of the acrylic component. In current project polyurethane coatings were prepared by the copolymerization of polyurethane with the butyl acrylate. Different series of polyurethane acrylate copolymers containing different monomeric constituents i.e. diisocyanates and polyols, in different proportions with butyl acrylate were synthesized by emulsion polymerization and characterized successfully. The synthesis of these copolymers was completed in three steps i.e. synthesis of polyurethane prepolymers, introduction of unsaturated sites at the free reactive ends of polyurethane prepolymers and copolymerization of vinyl terminated polyurethane prepolymers with n-butyl acrylate. Also, these copolymers were applied on textile fabric as finishing agent and their effect was assessed by different standard textile tests.