The studies to determine the role of foliar-applied potassium in alleviating the water stress associated damages in cotton were conducted at the Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in collaboration with Plant Stress Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Salinity and Environmental Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2009-10. Experiments were carried out under wire house, laboratory and lysimeter conditions. The study comprised three phases. In first phase, laboratory experiments were conducted to test ten cotton genotypes obtained from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad (FH-1200, FH-945, FH-900, FH-113, FH-207) and Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan (CIM-506, CIM-473, CIM-496, CIM-554, CIM-534) for their response to PEG-induced water stress at germination and seedling stage. From these experiments one, the best performing (CIM-473) and one, the poor performing (CIM-534) genotypes were identified for further use. In second phase, these two selected genotypes were used to estimate the effect of drought stress on α-amylase and protease activities and associated biochemical changes in germinating seeds. Results indicated that α-amylase and protease, total soluble proteins, reducing and non-reducing sugars in germinating seeds were significantly influenced due to drought created by PEG-6000. The seed germinating under normal conditions exhibited higher values for all these parameters than those which were facing water stress except in case of total soluble proteins which were higher for seeds germinating under water stressed conditions. In third phase, three drought tolerant (CIM-496, CIM-473 and FH-1200) and three drought sensitive (CIM-534, CIM-554 and FH-945) varieties were used to study the effect of foliar- applied potassium (0 and 1 %) on growth, yield and yield components. Experiments were conducted in lysimeters for consecutive two years with four water levels i.e. well watered (100% FC), medium watered (80% FC), low watered (60% FC) and soil stored moisture (40% FC). Measured amount of water was applied for irrigation and water flow meters were used for this purpose. Results indicated that tolerant cotton genotype maintained higher values for growth yield and yield components. Foliar application (1%) of potassium significantly improved the drought tolerance potential, growth, yield and yield components in all cotton genotypes. However, cotton genotype CIM-473 ranked first in fiber strength, fiber length, fiber uniformity ratio, boll weight, leaf temperature and net photosynthesis rate but fiber elongation, fiber micronaire and potassium contents were higher in CIM-496. While genotype FH-1200 with the foliar application (1%) of potassium produced the highest ginning turn out, number of bolls, yield, and plant height. Foliar application of 1% as supplementary source of potassium under water stress conditions was found helpful in improving drought tolerance in cotton.
پرانے زمانے دی گل اے کہ اک پنڈ وچ راجہ ناں دا اک بندہ رہندا سی۔ اوس نوں پالتو جانور تے پرندے پالن دا بہت شوق سی۔ اوس نے بکری، بھیڈ، مجھ، کتا، بلی تے خرگوش توں وکھ کئی پرندے وی پالے ہوئے سن۔ اوس نوں جتھوں وی کوئی سوہنا جانور یاں پرندا ملدا اوہ خرید لیندا تے فیر بہت محنت تے دل نال اوہناں نوں پالدا۔ پرندیاں وچ بھانویں کہ اوس کول تتر، کبوتر تے چڑیاں وڈی تعداد وچ سن پر اوس دا دل نئیں سی بھردا۔ اوہ پرندیاں دی تعداد وچ آئے دن کوئی نواں پرندیاں خرید کے وادھا کردا رہندا۔ اک دفعہ اوہ ایران دی سیر کرن گیا۔ اوتھے اوس نوں کجھ طوطے پسند آئے جو گلاں کردے سن۔ واپس تے اوس اوہ طوطے خریدے تے بڑی حفاظت نال اپنے گھر لے آیا۔ اوہ ایہناں دے بولن پاروں بہت خوش سی۔ اوہ سارا دن ایہناں نال گلاں کردا رہندا۔ جس پاروں طوطے ایس دے گھل مل گئے سن۔ طوطے بہت تیز ہوگئے سن۔ اوہ ہر روز راجے کولوں کدے چوری منگدے تے کدے کوئی پھل، کدے کھان نوں ہری مرچ یاں سبزی منگدے تے کدے بادام۔ راجہ اوہناں دی ہر خواہش پوری کردا سی۔
اک دفعہ نالدے پنڈ وچ میلہ لگا۔ اوس میلے وچ دوروں دوروں لوک اپنے پالتو جانور تے پرندے نمائش لئی لے کے آئے۔ اکثر لوک بیل، گاواں، مجھاں، کتے، بلیاں، خرگوش، گھوڑے، اونٹ لے کے آئے۔ کجھ لوک نچن والے گھوڑے لے کے آئے۔ ہن میلے دے میدان وچ واری واری لوک اپنے جانور یاں پرندے لے کے آندے تے اوہناں دے کرتب وکھاندے۔ سارے لوک اوہناں دے کرتب ویکھ کے بہت خوش ہوندے تے تاڑی وجا کے داد دیندے تے اپنی خوشی دا اظہار کردے۔
This paper intends to discuss the inter-religious dialogue and the Prophet’s engagement with the ‘Other’. Both dialogue and faith-based reconciliation provide a way to mankind by which the world will become peaceful place to live. In this violence torn world, reconciliation on the basis of faith is needed, so that unity may be created out of diversity. This paper argues that interfaith dialogical theory profits from a deep understanding of moral psychology and social learning theory. The paper highlights that reconciliation belongs to Abrahamic legacy, and also focuses on how Islam established and come up with advanced civilizations characterized by relatively harmonious co-existence between Muslims, Christians and Jews. It is through reconciliation that we regain our humanity. To work for reconciliation is to live and to show others what their humanity is. The paper also shed light on faith-based reconciliation in its Islamic perspective. It is this context the present paper has been drafted.
The main objective of present study was to find out the psychosocial determinants of marital quality among married couples living in Rawalpindi and Islamabad (Pakistan). The study also aimed to test the proposed models of relationships between psychosoial factors and marital quality through Structural Equation Modeling. Further, the role of demographic variables i. e., gender, financial status, family system, number of children and education was also probed. Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), Dimensions of Commitment Inventory (Adams and Jones, 1997), Trait Forgivingness Scale (Berry, Worthington, O''Connor, Parrott, & Wade, 2005), Communication Patterns Questionnaire(Christensen and Sullaway, 1984), and Husbands ’And Wives’ Emotion Work scale (Erickson, 1993), Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory (Rahim, 1983), The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire (Fraley, Waller, and Brennan, 2000), Eros and Storge sub-scales of the short form of the Love Attitude Scale (Hendrick, Hendrick, and Dicke, 1998) were identified to measure the constructs of the study. The research was carried out in three phases. Phase I aimed to find out the definition and determinants of marital quality in our culture. Four focus groups revealed commitment, forgiveness, communication patterns, marital emotion work, conflict handling, attachment, friendship, romance, education, children, financial status, duration of marriage, and family system as important determinants of marital quality. Phase II aimed to measure the psychometric properties of all the scales. Measures were validated through CFA and EFA for the Pakistani sample. The findings suggested some modifications in instruments for Pakistani sample. Internal consistency was also 16 determined through alpha coefficients and item total correlations. Phase III aimed to find out the relationship between psychosocial factors and marital quality. The sample was consisted of 616 married individuals (308 couples). Step wise regression analysis suggested significant positive prediction of marital quality by constructive communication, marital emotion work, commitment to spouse and marriage and romance. Significant gender differences were also found. Finally, role of each psychosocial determinant was thoroughly examined using various non-recursive path models. In fact the predicted paths were tested in combined models for husbands and wives using Structural Equation Modeling which was executed through Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) 18. Findings showed that when forgiveness, attachment, commitment, conflict handling or demographic variables were predictors; husbands’ marital quality was more pertinent than wives’ marital quality to enhance couples marital quality. On the other hand when love, marital emotion work or communication patterns were predictors; wives’ marital quality was more pertinent than husbands’ marital quality to enhance couples marital quality. In the end two conclusive models were made by combining the best fit models and tested through path analysis. It was interesting to note that many psychosocial variables that significantly predicted marital quality became insignificant when they were seen in combination with all other significant predictors. Implications of the present study are discussed under Pakistani cultural and theoretical framework for future research directions.