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Home > An Identification and Prioritization of Training Needs of Agri. Extension Personnel Working in the Punjab. Pakistan

An Identification and Prioritization of Training Needs of Agri. Extension Personnel Working in the Punjab. Pakistan

Thesis Info

Access Option

External Link

Author

Chaudhry, Ayesha

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Agricultural Technology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/13575/1/Ayesha_Chaudhry_Agri_Extension_2016_UAF.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725471113

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Agricultural development has always been the main concern of development agencies throughout the world. The importance of extension service becomes vital especially for the developing countries including Pakistan where majority of labour force is employed in agriculture. An extension service is primarily responsible for the transfer of technology among the target users. It can perform its job effectively if the extension agents are professionally and technically competent. The Agricultural Extension System in Pakistan is under heavy criticism now-a-days for not performing its job effectively. Hence, there is dire need to identify the training needs of the extension personnel working at various levels to prepare a competent work force. Extension Agents must be proficient in a number of professional competencies that includes capabilities; Planning for Agriculture Extension Program, Use of Extension Methods, Communication/Presentation Skills, Supervision and Administration, Evaluation, Skills of Participatory Extension Techniques, Computer Skill/Knowledge, and Public Relation Techniques. Therefore the present study was designed to analyze, identify and prioritize the training needs of extension personnel working in Punjab, Pakistan. All the extension agents especially Agriculture Officers (AOs) constituted the population for this study. A sample size of 212 respondents was selected by using Fitz-Gibbon Table (1987). A simple random sampling technique was used for selection of respondents and face to face interaction technique was used to collect data for analysis. The data were analyzed statistically by using appropriate computer software “Statistical Package for Social Sciences”. It also presents the possessed and required levels of technical and professional competencies and the difference between required and possessed level were calculated through discrepancy value. On the basis of calculated discrepancy value the identified training needs were assessed and prioritized accordingly. The required training areas which receive high discrepancy values were “the computer skills/ knowledge” with DV=2.22, followed by “the communication and presentation skills” with DV=1.929, and followed by “technical competencies” with DV=1.927, which indicates that in these two categories the extension personnel needs training on priority basis for effective and efficient job performance.
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تنقید کی اقسام

تنقید کی بہت زیادہ اقسام ہیں اور یہ اقسام با ہم بہت قریب ہیں۔اسی وجہ سے انسان اکثر مغالطے کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے اور ان کو باہم گڈ مڈ کردیتاہے۔تنقید کی درج ذیل اقسام زیادہ اہم ہیں۔
• مارکسی تنقید • استقرائی تنقید
• تجزیاتی تنقید • رومانی تنقید
• سائنسی تنقید • عمرانی تنقید
• نظریاتی تنقید • ہیئتی تنقید
• جمالیاتی تنقید • نفسیاتی تنقید
1۔مارکسی تنقید:
جب کارل مارکس کے اشتراکی نظریات عام ہوئے تو ادبی دنیا میں بھی ان نظریات کی صدائے بازگشت سنائی دینے لگی۔اس طرح تنقید کا ایک نظریہ اور دبستان وجود میں آگیا۔یہ دراصل کارل مارکس اور اس کے مقلدین کے اشتراکی افکار تھے۔اسے اشتراکی تنقید یا مارکسی تنقید کہا جاتا ہے۔مارکسی نقاد 'ادب برائے زندگی' کے قائل ہیں۔مارکسی تنقید کے حوالے سے پروفیسر احتشام حسین کہتے ہیں:
"ادب کی یہ حیثیت کہ اس میں سماجی حقائق اپنی طبقاتی شکل میں ظاہر ہوتے ہیں اور ادیب کے سماجی رجحان کا پتہ اس کے خیالات سے چلتا ہے۔ادیب زندگی کی کشمکش میں شریک ہو کراسے بہتر بنانے کی راہ بتا سکتا ہے۔اشتراکی حقیقت نگاری اور مارکسی تنقید میں سب سے نمایاں شکل میں یہی نظر آتا ہے۔جو نقاد اس نظریہ تنقید کو اپناتے ہیں وہ روح عصر ، سماجی نفسیات،عمرانیات یعنی ان تمام باتوں پر نگاہ رکھتے ہیں جو طبقاتی سماج میں پیداوار کیمعاشی بنیادوں کے اوپر فکری اور فلسفیانہ حیثیت سے وجود میں آتی ہیں۔"
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قرآن اور علم الجنین

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Relationship of Parental Styles and Personality Functioning Dimensions of Students at Secondary Level

The aim of this present study was to examine the relationship of parental styles and effects of these parental styles on personality functioning dimensions (cooperativeness & effectiveness) of students at secondary level. The focus of this study was on four parental styles (permissive, uninvolved, authoritarian and authoritative).The objective of the study was to find out relationship between parental styles and personality functioning dimensions of students at secondary level. Parental styles have been identified as a contributing factor in child personality. In Pakistan very few researchers have focused on personality functioning dimensions (cooperativeness and effectiveness). The population of this study was including all the secondary level students of government schools and students' parents from Faisalabad city. The sample of this study comprised of two hundred male students and two hundred female students and their parents. Two research instruments were developed by researcher. One questionnaire was for students which contained thirty one statements and the one was for student's parents which contained thirty statements. The researcher translated these two instruments into Urdu and used them after pilot testing. Sixteen null hypotheses were tested to see the relationship between parental styles and personality functioning dimensions (effectiveness and cooperativeness) of students at secondary level. Data was analyzed by using Pearson Correlation. After analysis it was found that mostly parents has authoritarian parental style. It was concluded that all parental styles have significant effect on child's personality. It was found that uninvolved parents are very few. It was observed at the offspring's of uninvolved parents are negative and confused individuals. Along with it results show that the children of authoritative parents are more effective and cooperative in their dealings.