Agricultural development has always been the main concern of development agencies throughout the world. The importance of extension service becomes vital especially for the developing countries including Pakistan where majority of labour force is employed in agriculture. An extension service is primarily responsible for the transfer of technology among the target users. It can perform its job effectively if the extension agents are professionally and technically competent. The Agricultural Extension System in Pakistan is under heavy criticism now-a-days for not performing its job effectively. Hence, there is dire need to identify the training needs of the extension personnel working at various levels to prepare a competent work force. Extension Agents must be proficient in a number of professional competencies that includes capabilities; Planning for Agriculture Extension Program, Use of Extension Methods, Communication/Presentation Skills, Supervision and Administration, Evaluation, Skills of Participatory Extension Techniques, Computer Skill/Knowledge, and Public Relation Techniques. Therefore the present study was designed to analyze, identify and prioritize the training needs of extension personnel working in Punjab, Pakistan. All the extension agents especially Agriculture Officers (AOs) constituted the population for this study. A sample size of 212 respondents was selected by using Fitz-Gibbon Table (1987). A simple random sampling technique was used for selection of respondents and face to face interaction technique was used to collect data for analysis. The data were analyzed statistically by using appropriate computer software “Statistical Package for Social Sciences”. It also presents the possessed and required levels of technical and professional competencies and the difference between required and possessed level were calculated through discrepancy value. On the basis of calculated discrepancy value the identified training needs were assessed and prioritized accordingly. The required training areas which receive high discrepancy values were “the computer skills/ knowledge” with DV=2.22, followed by “the communication and presentation skills” with DV=1.929, and followed by “technical competencies” with DV=1.927, which indicates that in these two categories the extension personnel needs training on priority basis for effective and efficient job performance.
تنقید کی بہت زیادہ اقسام ہیں اور یہ اقسام با ہم بہت قریب ہیں۔اسی وجہ سے انسان اکثر مغالطے کا شکار ہو جاتا ہے اور ان کو باہم گڈ مڈ کردیتاہے۔تنقید کی درج ذیل اقسام زیادہ اہم ہیں۔ • مارکسی تنقید • استقرائی تنقید • تجزیاتی تنقید • رومانی تنقید • سائنسی تنقید • عمرانی تنقید • نظریاتی تنقید • ہیئتی تنقید • جمالیاتی تنقید • نفسیاتی تنقید 1۔مارکسی تنقید: جب کارل مارکس کے اشتراکی نظریات عام ہوئے تو ادبی دنیا میں بھی ان نظریات کی صدائے بازگشت سنائی دینے لگی۔اس طرح تنقید کا ایک نظریہ اور دبستان وجود میں آگیا۔یہ دراصل کارل مارکس اور اس کے مقلدین کے اشتراکی افکار تھے۔اسے اشتراکی تنقید یا مارکسی تنقید کہا جاتا ہے۔مارکسی نقاد 'ادب برائے زندگی' کے قائل ہیں۔مارکسی تنقید کے حوالے سے پروفیسر احتشام حسین کہتے ہیں: "ادب کی یہ حیثیت کہ اس میں سماجی حقائق اپنی طبقاتی شکل میں ظاہر ہوتے ہیں اور ادیب کے سماجی رجحان کا پتہ اس کے خیالات سے چلتا ہے۔ادیب زندگی کی کشمکش میں شریک ہو کراسے بہتر بنانے کی راہ بتا سکتا ہے۔اشتراکی حقیقت نگاری اور مارکسی تنقید میں سب سے نمایاں شکل میں یہی نظر آتا ہے۔جو نقاد اس نظریہ تنقید کو اپناتے ہیں وہ روح عصر ، سماجی نفسیات،عمرانیات یعنی ان تمام باتوں پر نگاہ رکھتے ہیں جو طبقاتی سماج میں پیداوار کیمعاشی بنیادوں کے اوپر فکری اور فلسفیانہ حیثیت سے وجود میں آتی ہیں۔" پروفیسر احتشام حسین کی رائے سے ہم اس نتیجے پر پہنچتے ہیں کہ مارکسی یا اشتراکی تنقید میں ادیب یہ دیکھتا ہے کہ سماجی رجحان کس طرف تھا، اس کے خیالات کیسے تھے، وہ کیسے ماحول میں رہتا تھا،زندگی کے کون سے مسائل سے گزر رہا تھا۔یہ ساری باتیں سامنے رکھتے ہیں۔پاکستان میں مارکسی تنقید کے حوالے سے نمایاں نقاد جنہوں نے شہرت حاصل...
We, the Muslims claim that Quran is a miraculous book. Right from the
first day of its revelation it has been challenging its opponents. All those who are in
doubt about it to be the word of Allah., have been challenged to produce even a
single Surah (chapter) like this. But so far no body could accept this challenge. And
it is the greatest miracle of Quran that it has over powered its opponents.
With the passage of time new aspects of Quranic miracles were discovered
and factuality and righteousness of Quran was proven.
With the emergence of experimental and sensory sciences in 20 Century,
Quran had to face a new challenge. But here too a new aspect of Quranic miracle
was exposed, and that is ” the scientific miracles of Quran”
Different aspects of Quranic miracles exposed in different periods. This
research article will help those researchers who want to understand the miracles of
the Holy Quran with special reference b Embryology. Muslim scholars have been
written.
Different aspects of Quranic miracles exposed in different periods. This
research article will help those researchers who want to understand the miracles of
the Holy Quran with special reference to Embryology.
The aim of this present study was to examine the relationship of parental styles and effects of these parental
styles on personality functioning dimensions (cooperativeness & effectiveness) of students at secondary level.
The focus of this study was on four parental styles (permissive, uninvolved, authoritarian and
authoritative).The objective of the study was to find out relationship between parental styles and personality
functioning dimensions of students at secondary level. Parental styles have been identified as a contributing
factor in child personality. In Pakistan very few researchers have focused on personality functioning
dimensions (cooperativeness and effectiveness).
The population of this study was including all the secondary level students of government schools and
students' parents from Faisalabad city.
The sample of this study comprised of two hundred male students and two hundred female students and their
parents. Two research instruments were developed by researcher. One questionnaire was for students which
contained thirty one statements and the one was for student's parents which contained thirty statements. The
researcher translated these two instruments into Urdu and used them after pilot testing. Sixteen null
hypotheses were tested to see the relationship between parental styles and personality functioning
dimensions (effectiveness and cooperativeness) of students at secondary level. Data was analyzed by using
Pearson Correlation. After analysis it was found that mostly parents has authoritarian parental style.
It was concluded that all parental styles have significant effect on child's personality. It was found that
uninvolved parents are very few. It was observed at the offspring's of uninvolved parents are negative and
confused individuals. Along with it results show that the children of authoritative parents are more effective
and cooperative in their dealings.