In order to study the spread and distribution of a recently introduced invasive exotic annual plant, Parthenium hysterophorus L., a reconnaissance survey followed by phytosociological survey was carried out in 16 districts of the province Punjab, Pakistan. The entire study area was categorized into three zones, Zones I, II and III, receiving mean annual precipitation ranging from 500 to 1000 mm, 250 to 500 mm and >125 mm, respectively. On the basis of growth attributes like phenological stages and biomass (dry weight) and ecological indices like Cover and Importance Value Index (IVI), Zone I was found to be most suitable for the growth and spread of P. hysterophorus, followed by Zone II, where water regime has been modified by irrigation and canal system and finally by Zone III, where P. hysterophorus was restricted only to areas receiving artificial irrigation, resulting in a rise of local soil moisture content. Although Silt Loam, followed by Sandy Loam were recorded to be the most preferred soil textures for the growth of P. hysterophorus, the soil moisture content was predominantly the determining factor for its growth and distribution and masked the effect of soil texture. However, biomass of the target species was found to be more strongly correlated with the intensity of its Cover as compared to soil moisture content and hence could be considered as a better indicator parameter for its infestation. A comparison of the temporal productivity (biomass) revealed that the growth of P. hysterophorus was most favored by the humid conditions of Monsoon season, followed by Spring, Autumn and winter. Although in the present study, the quadrat analysis involved a bias, second highest IVI was recorded for P. hysterophorus in all districts, highest being for Cynadon dactylon. Seasonal phenological study carried out in the three zones revealed adaptability with regards to the appearance of different phenological stages in accordance with climatic conditions, as life cycle in Zone I was distinctly ahead of that in Zone III. Early germination and sprouting from the previous year’s stumps gave P. hysterophorus an advantage over other co-occurring annuals, thus conferring it greater invasaibility. A questionnaire based survey to assess community perception about prevalence and impact of P. hysterophorus indicated lack of awareness amongst majority of ruralxxii and urban residents, whereas, farmers, foresters and florists were relatively well aware. Majority of the respondents did not date back the introduction of P. hysterophorus in Punjab to more than 10 years. Competition field experiments involving Replacement Series, carried out between P. hysterophorus and six coexisting annual species, and evaluated on the basis of mathematical indices like Relative Yield and Relative Crowding Coefficient and Graphic indices like Replacement Diagrams, clearly showed that the four species suppressed by P. hysterophorus in the order of increasing suppression were, Chenopodium album, Kochia indica, Cannabis sativa and Amaranthus viridis. However, Cassia occidentalis and Setaria glauca curtailed the growth of P. hysterophorus and were found to be competitively superior to the latter and offered to be a promising environmentally friendly solution in controlling the growth of P. hysterophorus by competitive displacement. The information generated by the overlay maps constructed on the basis of Cover of P. hysterophorus and the corresponding soil texture of the target site, could be utilized to predict the potentially threatened sites on non surveyed areas and hence could help in control and management strategies against P. hysterophorus.
یہ ایک تاریخی تصویر ہے ۔ایک بوڑھا شخص 18اکتوبر 2007ء کو محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو شہید کے استقبال کے لیے کراچی ائیر پورٹ ننگے پائوں آ یا ۔اس نے وہاں موجود صحافیوں کو یہ تصویر دکھائی اور بتا یا کہ میں آج اس واقعے کو دہرانا چاہتا ہوں جب میں اس طرح شہید بھٹو سے ملنے ننگے پائوں گیا تھا کیونکہ میرے اس وقت پہننے کے لیے جوتے نہیں تھے ۔شہید بھٹو نے جب میری یہ حالت دیکھی تو انہوں نے مجھے اپنے گلے سے لگایا ۔میں نے ان کی آنکھوں میں بغور دیکھا تو وہ بھیگ چکی تھیں ۔انہوں نے مجھے کافی پیسے بھی اور جب میں واپس جائے لگا توشہید بھٹو اپنے جوتے اتار کے خود بھی ننگے پائوں میرے ساتھ کا فی دور تک چلے !
Muhammad’s (SAW life is fully reserved and recorded in history. It has been established beyond a shadow of doubt that not only the major and significant events of his life but even the minutest details of his life are also painstakingly preserved by the Muslims. In spite of the availability of abundant authentic documents concerning Muhammad’s (SAW) life, sayings and deeds, some critics of Islam stubbornly refuse to believe in his historicity. Robert Spencer is one such critic who maintains that Muhammad’s (SAW) value is nothing more than a fictional or mythological figure. This article is an attempt to prove the existence of Muhammad (SAW) in contemporary non-Muslims sources. The article is divided into three major parts: the first part of the paper throws light on how much emphasis Muslims lay on historical authenticity of Muhammad (SAW), in the second part of the paper views and doubts of prominent like orientalists Spencer concerning Muhammad’s (SAW) historical authenticity have been summarized, whereas the third part presents Robert Spencer’s views in the same connection and endeavors to refute his views and approach drawing on contemporary non-Muslim Sources.
The study about heat transfer and boundary layer flow over a stretching sheet gotten consideration from numerous analysts due to its significance in many engineering and industrial applications, such as, paper generation, glass-fiber generation, solidification of fluid gems, petroleum generation, extraordinary oils, suspension arrangements, wire drawing, ceaseless cooling and fibers turning, fabricating plastic films and extraction of polymer sheet. In the view of above applications, theocratical analysis is carried out for the flow of Carreau fluid over a stretching/shriking sheet. The problems are formulated under the effects of various parameters with suitable transformations. The obtained boundary layers equations are transformed from PDEs to ODEs with the given boundary conditions. Thesis are divided into 7 chapters. Chapter one deals with fundamental preliminaries that will make this thesis understandable for readers. Literature review is also a part of this chapter. Chapter two deal with the investigation of MHD mixed convection Carreau fluid flow over a nonlinear stretching/ shrinking permeable sheet near a stagnation point. Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is utilized to find the solution of the system of nonlinear problem. Qualitative comparison of the HAM and BVP4C numerical routine are presented. The influences of different parameters such as Weissenberg number We2, Magnetic parameter M2, Suction and Injection parameter s, Stretching or Shrinking parameter B, Mixed convection parameter A, Nonlinear parameter m and Lewis number Le on concentration, velocity and temperature distributions are studied graphically and analyzed. Chapter three concerned with the study of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of Carreau fluid with variable thermal conductivity and viscosity over stretching/shrinking sheet. The viscosity and thermal conductivity is considered to vary linearly with temperature. Analysis are made analytically by HAM. Numerical solutions of the problem is also obtained by BVP4C numerical routine, which agrees well with analytical solution. The influence of natural parameters, such as the Prandtl number, Weissenberg number, Lewis number, Magnetic parameter, Suction parameter, Stretching/ Shrinking parameter and the heat flux constants are shown in several plats and in tabulated results. The purpose of chapter four is to examine an unsteady motion of Carreau fluid produced by stretching/ shrinking sheet with a magnetic field applied normal to the sheet. The governing momentum and the energy equation admit a self similarity solution. Results are discussed in terms of Weissenberg number, Unsteadiness parameter, Stretching/ Shrinking parameter, Power law index, Prandtl number, Blowing and Magnetic parameter. The aim of chapter five is to study the MHD Carreau fluid slip flow together with viscous dissipation and heat transfer by taking the impact of thermal radiation over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium with variable thickness and variable thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity of the liquid is expected to differ straightly with temperature. The effects of various parameters such as magnetic parameter M2, Weissenberg number We2, porosity parameter D,power law index n, wall thickness parameter α, power index parameter m, thermal conductivity parameter ε, slip parameter λ ,radiation parameter R and Prandtl number Pr on velocity and temperature profiles are studied graphically and analyzed. The focus of chapter six is to study of Carreau fluid flow over sheet stretching in the xy-plane. For this purpose equations are modeled from the set of Naiver-Stoke equations combine with heat and mass transport taking into account the effects of thermophoresis and Brownian motion. From similarity transformations non-dimensional parameters of our interest such as Weissenberg number We2, Magnetic parameter M2, Suction parameter S, Stretching parameters B,A, power law index n, thermophoresis parameter Nt, Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le, Brownian motion parameter Nb and Biot numbers B1,B2 are introduced. The effects of these parameters are analyzed with the help of graphs.