Excessive use of pesticides has caused agricultural and environmental hazards. Microbial inoculation is an alternate to pesticides for confronting pathogens and is an environmental friendly approach. Endophytes are beneficial microbes and biologically safe for inducing tolerance in plants. Hence, the current research was conducted to evaluate endophytes potential in wheat against drought stress and rust diseases. Fifty genotypes of wheat were sown under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in field conditions for evaluation against rust diseases and drought conditions. The drought stress was given to the wheat genotypes by skipping the irrigation at flowering and grain filling stage for drought resistance whereas all genotypes were also inoculated against rust diseases through natural and artificial method at tillering and heading stage. Data regarding drought stress were recorded on the basis of different growth parameters viz. number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), number of productive tillers m2, biological yield (gm-2), grain yield (gm-2), harvest index % and percent yield reduction, drought tolerance indices like mean productivity (MP), tolerance index (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI). Data regarding final disease severity percentage, area under disease progress curve and coefficient of infection were recorded for rust diseases. Kohsar-95 and Parwaz-94 exhibited most drought sensitive genotypes while two leaf rust (Faisalabad-85, Aas-02) and two yellow rust genotypes viz. Fareed-06 and Shafaq-06 expressed susceptible response. Plant samples for endophytes were collected from desert areas (Cholistan, Thar and Rohi) of Pakistan. The endophytes were isolated, identified and purified in Plant Mycology Lab. on sterilized Potato Dextrose Agar media (PDA). The in-vitro efficacy of endophytes was evaluated in test tubes containing 0.3% agar concentration. The wheat seed was sown in test tube containing distilled water along with fungal spore suspensions (1×106/ml) and incubated at 28±2oC. The root and shoot length was measured after 4 days of interval. The four endophytes expressed significant results were used for further studies. Spore suspensions of these endophytes were prepared and their concentrations were observed through haemocytometer. Seeds of disease and drought susceptible wheat genotypes were inoculated by dipping in spore suspension and sown in field under factorial RCBD. Inoculated susceptible wheat genotypes exhibited the tolerance against drought and rust diseases. The endophyte Piriformospora indica showed significant increase in grain yield 15.4% of drought sensitive genotypes followed by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Trichoderma viride, and Acremonium lolii 11.3 %, 8.1 % and 7.5 % respectively. Similarly, for leaf and yellow rust diseases P. indica also exhibited statistically significant increase in grain yield 17.5% and 12.3%, respectively followed by Trichoderma spp. (13.7 % and 10.6 %). Colletotrichum spp. and Acremonium spp. showed (7.1%, 6.2%) as well as (8.2%, 4.2%) under leaf rust and yellow rust conditions respectively.
ہمایوں کبیر افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ ہمایوں کبیر صاحب نے انتقال کیا، وہ اس دور کے لائق ترین مسلمانوں میں تھے اور اپنے ذوق کے اعتبار سے علمی و تعلیمی لائن کے آدمی تھے لیکن انھوں نے سیاست کا پُر خار راستہ اختیار کیا، اس لیے اس میں کامیاب نہ ہوسکے، علمی و تعلیمی لائن میں وہ زیادہ مفید کام انجام دے سکتے تھے، ان میں بعض خامیوں کے باوجود اسلامی حمیت پوری طرح موجود تھی جس کا اظہار ان کی تقریروں میں ہوتا رہتا تھا، وہ مولانا ابوالکلام کے شعبۂ میں رہ چکے تھے، اس لیے دارالمصنفین سے بھی واقف اور اس کے بڑے قدردان تھے، چنانچہ انھوں نے مولانا کے بعد بھی دارالمصنفین کے کاموں میں بڑی مدد پہنچائی، اب جو اور جیسا مسلمان بھی اٹھتا ہے، اس کا بدل نہیں مل سکتا، اس لیے ان کی جگہ بھی خالی رہے گی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی خامیوں اور خطاؤں سے درگذر کرکے ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۶۹ء)
Allama Muhammad Iqbal became popular after the translations of his work into Arabic. Scholars, thinkers, writers, and politicians of Arabia were very much influenced by his literary works. A number of books were written on him. Other scholars and Muslim thinkers study his works with keen interest even in the modern times. The universities and other institutions in the Arabian countries have concentrated and contributed in the establishment of academic studies on various aspects of his life, literary works and different translations. This article intended to briefly cover Seminars and celebrations commemorating Iqbal in the Arab countries.
Topic: Analysis of adults Perception regarding awareness, Fitness & Trends of Physical Exercise in our Society Pages: 101 Researcher: Muhammad Ayaz Supervisor: Professor Dr Abdur Rehman Subject Area: Physical Education University: Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan (Pakistan) Year: 2009 Degree: Ph.D in Education Physical exercise activities are paramount to maintain fitness and avert risks of diseases, illnesses, fatigue and other body problems by regularizing body functions and sustain over all well being. Before going for an exercise plan, awareness of physical activities and their role in chalking out fitness are inevitable to follow certain trend. A study was designed to assess the level of awareness regarding different exercise activities among four groups vis-à-vis doctors, lawyers, teachers and businessmen at Dera Ismail Khan district of Pakistan. Systematic sampling technique was implied from a well constructed sampling frame to select a total of 50 respondents from each group totaling 200. A survey strategy was used to administer questionnaire using five point Likert scale from surveyed population by face to face interaction. Results regarding perceptions of the awareness of exercise activities revealed that all the four groups are equal in their awareness of various activities (Jogging, sports, walking, swimming, morning activities, heath club activities, maintenance of health and nervous system stability) except participation in re-creative activities. The groups were also aware of the benefits of exercise that can make human look best. The level of awareness was not determined by Body Mass Index (low or high) or age (young, medium ivand old) of the respondents. With reference to understand perceptions about the role of fitness resulting physical exercise, results showed that majority of the respondents are aware that physical fitness can improve health (shedding extra weight and lower blood pressure and risk of health diseases), improve working efficiency (withstand fatigue and increase work capacity) and improve overall wellness (smart look and well being) of individual. Perception of trends regarding physical exercise was divided into five categories namely health oriented trends, self appearance trends, light exercise trends, moderate to hard exercise trends and non exercise trends. There exists a mix of following a specific exercise trend among sampled community. Significant differences were observed among groups in respect of perceptions denoting “playing games to safeguard/ avert health problems”, “force to engage in physical exercise due to shape in figure”, “playing games that do not involve physical exertion”, “play games that involve lots of physical exertion” and “control over diet to maintain fitness”. The findings also discussed probable reasons for opting for non-exercise trends. The research concluded with the notion that perception of awareness, fitness and trend will be helpful in designing persuasive strategies based on salient perceptions of the surveyed population for better follow up of exercise activities suitable to needs. The research also advanced recommendation and proposes suggestions for further research.