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Analysis of Gender Roles in Home Management and Agricultural Development: A Case Study in Faisalabad Tehsil

Thesis Info

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Author

Humera Amin

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Agriculture

City

Faisalabad

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2010

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Applied Sciences

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/1528

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725483026

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This study was designed to analyze the role of females in rural area of Tehsil Faisalabad regarding the home management and agricultural development. The area was selected under the purposive sampling and 8 villages were selected using the proportionate random sampling. The sample size (384 respondent farm families) was determined keeping in view the rural population of the area. Total respondents were 384 husbands and 384 wives. Thus the total size of sample was 768 respondents. Pre-tested interview schedule was administered. The data were subjected to analysis to obtain the descriptive statistics. Average literacy rate of husbands was higher than their wives (74.74%). The husband’s average age was higher (45.9 year) than wives (41.23 years). Most of the rural families desire to live in combined family structure. Rural women remained involved in household chores which include food preparation, washing clothes, house keeping and washing utensils. In childcare activities was lower as compared to other household chores (74.7%). Regarding outdoor activities rural women remained involved actively in crop production, vegetable production, livestock production and post harvest activities. The major source of information of rural women related to home management and agriculture development were neighborers. Medium to high level of competency was identified among rural women in different roles. About 75% wives agreed that formal and vocational education is necessary for development of female in rural area. It was concluded that educational status of women in rural area must be enhanced with measures taken to join in social matters. Training/workshops should be arranged for the rural women with the purpose to educate them regarding household management and agricultural development.
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ٹھنڈے ساہ بھراں تے ہوکاں

ٹھنڈے ساہ بھراں تے ہوکاں
ماراں اندر و اندر کوکاں
جس دے وچ سکون نہ ہے
اوہو محل چوبارے پھوکاں
نکی نکی گل توں اج
کڈھ لیندے نیں لوگ بندوقاں
سوہنی کچے گھڑے تے ٹھِلّے
سسی تھل وچ مارے کوکاں
عشق دیوانہ کیتا مجنوں
شیخ صنعان چراوے خوکاں

Functional MRI Based Brain Mapping in Occipital Gyrus using Face Stimuli

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most powerful neuroimaging modalities due to its high spatio-temporal resolution characteristics. This known modality is applied on mapping the temporal, occipital, frontal cortices of the brain for localizing the neural activities generated due to any visual, physical or mental task or brain diseases or brain disorders. The occipital cortex is composed of middle, left, right, interior and exterior occipital gyrus and is responsible for visional function of human brain. The occipital gyrus reflects the neural image generated in the brain due to any visual activity. In this research paper, four different visual stimuli images of faces, scrambled, scenes and objects along with gap of blank space, forming a long sequence of stimuli observed by two female subjects, are experimented to examine and localize the most contrasting neural image generated in occipital gyrus of the brain. The visual fMRI brain data received from the two subjects is processed through fMRI-SPM12 toolbox based on Matlab software. In order to demonstrate the results statistically, two regressions such as T-contrast and F-contrast vectors are applied on fMRI images to highlight, and to localize the most active neural stimuli activities generated in the occipital gyrus of brain. In the results, it is demonstrated that maximum neural response can be mapped only for face stimulus in the bilateral occipital gyrus of the brain by applying T-contrast vectors regressions as when compared to other stimuli conditions and F-contrast vectors regressions. Further, it is also investigated that, the response of the face stimulus in F-contrast regressions achieved is somehow dispersed and unclear due to the large variances and interlinked communication of other stimuli or induced neural noises generated in entire volume of the brain.  Further from the given images, it is also investigated that the most reflecting and contrast area for any visual stimuli (such as face stimulus in this case) is either the middle or bilateral part of occipital gyrus of the human brain as identified through application of  T-contrast vectors regressions.

Patterns of Genetic Variability in Natural and Hatchery Populations of Catla Catla

The patterns of genetic variability and genetic differentiation among five wild and ten hatchery populations of Catla catla – an economically important South Asian freshwater fish were assessed using 15 microsatellite markers in a total 750 individuals (n = 50 individuals per population) in this study. The level of genetic diversity in terms of the average allelic richness (Ar), alleles number (Na), number of effective alleles (Nae) and heterozygosity (H) was observed low-to-moderate in the hatchery while moderate in the natural populations of C. catla. The highest mean values of Na, Ne, Ar and H were found in the wild populations in comparison to the hatchery populations in the present study. The mean values of Na, Ar, Ne and Ho ranged from 2.80 to 4.00, 2.80 to 3.988, 2.412 to 2.859 and 0.462 to 0.524, respectively were noted in hatchery populations of C. catla. The same varied from 3.867 to 4.467, 3.867 to 4.465, 2.694 to 3.521 and 0.553 to 0.693, respectively in the natural populations of C. catla.The average of expected heterozygosity (He) values were noted higher as compared to the Ho. On the average, the values of inbreeding coefficient (FIS) in hatchery populations were found positive, but one wild population showed negative mean value too. On average, the FIS values ranged from 0.0872 to 0.2042 and from -0.045 to 0.164 in the examined hatchery and natural populations of C. catla, respectively. After correction of significance levels for 150 simultaneous tests (P < 0.05), only one instance in domesticated stocks while thirteen tests out of 75 tests in natural populations of C. catla were found to depart from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the present study. The pairwise estimates of FST revealed limited genetic differentiation between hatchery but low-to-moderate between wild populations. Among pairs of hatchery and natural populations of C. catla, the unbiased genetic distance indicated considerable variation (P<0.05) in magnitude. The AMOVA revealed that most of the variation was found within individuals in both hatchery and wild populations. The AMOVA specified that 4.869% variation was contributed due to variation between hatchery populations while 6.3054% due to variation between natural populations of C. catla. Analysis of genetic relatedness among all the examined hatchery and natural populations was estimated by constructing UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTURE admixture model which predicted that the populations in the same clusters had a close genetic relationship. The present study inferences would be helpful in resolving the genetic issues relating to C. catla re-stocking plans and brood stock management practices in future.