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Home > Analysis of Metabolites from Healthy and Huanglongbing Infected Citrus Varieties of Pakistan

Analysis of Metabolites from Healthy and Huanglongbing Infected Citrus Varieties of Pakistan

Thesis Info

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Author

Gilani, Khadija

Program

PhD

Institute

Lahore College for Women University

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Biotechnology

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12440/1/Khadija%20gilani%20biotehnology%202019%20lcwu%20lhr%20prr.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676725485637

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Citrus holds a prominent position in fruit’s world industry. Specifically, in Pakistan, citrus grown over 206,569 hectares with the gross annual production of 2.36 MT. Pakistan produced more than 30 different types of fruits, in which citrus is a leading fruit and constitutes 30% of total fruit production among all other fruits. More than 95% citrus fruits produced from the province Punjab and distributed through different value chains in domestic regions as well as in international fruit market. Pakistan citrus industry is a growing industry and dealing with many pre-harvest and post-harvest problems, which includes, bacterial and viral diseases, poor management and pest attack. Apart from all mentioned production problems, recent report according to Gulf Times stated that “Pakistan fetched more than $220mn through exporting 370,000 tons of citrus fruits to 58 different countries from December 2017 to May 2018, which increased the exporting rate up-to 14% from earlier period of exporting in 2016. It was also reported that 30,000 tons of Pakistani Mandarin exported to Indonesia last year, which is the biggest fruit market after Russia”. If we look on declining rate of citrus in Pakistan fruit industry, the major cause is of bacterial and viral diseases which covers the citrus tree in earlier ages and our poor management have yet no secure methods to overcome with these diseases in growing areas of Pakistan. Haunglongbing or Citrus Greening have major importance among all plant bacterial diseases which is responsible of declining production rate of citrus in Pakistan, as well as world widely. The main Protobectia (ɑ subdivision class), Candidatus Liberibecter is responsible for HLB disease, which mainly includes three different types: Candidatus Liberibecter asiaticus (CLas). Candidatus Liberibecter americanus (CLam) and Candidatus Liberibecter africanus (CLaf) according to dispersing of HLB to different countries. It is a gram negative, fastidious nature uncultured bacteria which grows in the phloem, sieve tubes elements of plant cells and generally transmitted through Psyllid, Diaphorina citri, which infested the bacterium mainly through grafting of citrus trees. The HLB bacterium moves unevenly in the midrib of leaves and distributed asymmetrical chlorosis on leaf cells which is the main symptom of this disease and mock to the zinc deficiency symptoms. It also affected the roots, bark (stem) and fruit (peel and pulp) of citrus fruits. The citrus fruit indicated green at the lower end and yellow underneath the peduncle after affecting this disease, with aborted seeds. Moreover, fruit flavor rapidly converted to bitter taste after infected to CLas. HLB mostly affecting the trees in 5-6 years age and covering all over the tree rapidly within a year. Most of the times, there are more than one bacterial and viral diseases also covers the citrus tree, i.e. CTV and citrus canker disease, which also show the symptoms similar to different nutrient deficiencies. Fifteen different types of citrus cultivars (healthy and HLB-affected) were selected for this study from Citrus Research Institute (CRI), Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Citrus samples included, leaves and pulp and stored in 4°C container and transported to LCWU, Biotechnology Lab. After the confirmation of CLas-infection through conventional PCR, the citrus sample were Freeze dried (Lyophilized) for transporting to the United States. The level of infection in HLB-affected leaves samples were again reconfirmed at Microbiology Cell Sciences Department, USA, from the lyophilized leaf tissue (≤ 200 mg) through quantitative RT-PCR utilizing SYBR® Green and primer set LJ900 which produced an amplicon derived from the repeated copies of the prophage present within the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) genome. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were determined and confirmed the healthy and infected samples. The range of Ct values for healthy to HLB-affected citrus samples ranged from 36.3 to no Ct detectable. For infected leaves, most copy number values were in the millions, with the highest being 4.50x106 (Ct=16.50). There were 3 exceptions ranging in copy number from 1.39x 103 (Ct=28.2) to 1.87x 105 (Ct=21.1). The HLB infection status was designated either positive or negative based on these results. After reconfirmation of HLB-infection in citrus samples by quantitative PCR, the first main analysis was the determination of the levels of zinc (Zn), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Pulp tissues contained lower levels of all three minerals regardless of the infection status. No significant change (Tukey’s t-test) was found in K levels associated with the HLB-affected leaves (p=0.7843) or pulp (p=0.0997). Phosphorous decreased 9% (p=0.0437) in leaves and increased 29% (p=0.0120) in pulp in HLB-affected samples compared to healthy. Zn showed a 31% (p<0.0001) decrease in infected leaves but no change in the pulp tissue (p=0.6728). These results explained the partitioning of Zn and P between leaves and fruit was differently affected by the HLB-infection status of the tree. However, no relationship between HLB infection status and K was observed. The next major part of this study was to determine the profile of vast range of targeted and untargeted metabolites from Global mass spectrometer analysis (LC-MS). And results indicated that there was a total of 13,752 features detected from all measurements of metabolites in leaves and fruit pulp (negative and positive ions) in the healthy and infected samples combined. Sixty five percent of the features were found in the negative ion-mode and 35% were noticed in positive ion-mode. The PLS-DA separations (known and unknown features) are highly significant for both negative and positive ions when leaf and pulp samples are combined; however, this separation is largely due to differences between leaves and pulp tissues. For the knowns, this conclusion is supported by the complete lack of separation between healthy and infected samples when the pulp is analyzed alone (negative ions p=0.92 and positive ions p=0.99). For leaves, there is a 52% probability that the separation is observed for the known negative ions; however, for the known positive ions, the probability that the separation is due to random features is 88% (p=0.88), similarly to the pulp values. For the unknown positive features, the PLS-DA separations of the leaf and pulp samples is largely based on the differences between pulp and leaves. In the case of the unknown negative features, the significance of the separations is better than those obtained with the positive ions. For unknown negative features in leaves, the probability that the model of separation may be random is 25% (p=0.25), while for the pulp samples, the probability for random separation is a 10% (p=0.10). Although the known positive ions in leaves is not useful (p=0.91), there is an approximately 50% chance that some of the known negative ions may contribute to the separation of healthy and HLB-infected samples. These both type of analysis (ICP-MS and LC-MS) gives complete range of profiles of metabolites and major macro/micro nutrients to future researchers in term of resorption of reallocation of minerals and metabolites with respect of Haunglongbing. Moreover, it gave more ground to targeted approach of unknown metabolites for future study. This is the first study in history of Pakistan which gives the metabolomic approaches of citrus cultivars infected with HLB to reader.
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سی حرفی : ۹

سی حرفی۔۹
(ہک بیت وچ اٹھ حرف)
الف
الٰہی، میل ماہی نوں، ’ب‘ برے دن آئے نیں
ت
تلوار برہوں دی لٹکے، ’ث‘ ثواب کمائے نیں
ج
جوانی آخر فانی، ’ح‘حائل غم آئے نیں
خ
خوف حنیف وچھوڑے اندر، ’د‘ دکھاں دے سائے نیں

ذ
ذکر تیرے وچ رہندی، ’ر‘ رخ ویکھاں ماہی دا
ز
زیارت لکھ ثواباں، ’س‘ سوہنا چن چاہی دا
ش
شوخاں دے ناز نہورے، ’ص‘ صفا دل چاہی دا
ض
ضدی سنگ دل حنیف اے، مان حسن دی شاہی دا

ط
طواف کریں دن راتیں، ’ظ‘ ظالم کوئی خبر نہیوں
ع
عشق دے کٹھے عاشق، ’غ‘ غصہ تے جبر نہیوں
ف
فائدہ کی شکویاں سندا، ’ق‘ قسمت وچ اجر نہیوں
ک
کتھے چھڈ گیوں ماہی، کجھ حنیف نوں صبر نہیوں

ل
لیکھاں وچ درد وچھوڑا، ’م‘ ماڑے دا زور نہیوں
ن
نوازش وصل دی ہووے، ’و‘ وسیلہ ہور نہیوں
ہ
ہڈاں وچ درد وچھوڑا، ’لا‘ لہو دا زور نہیوں
ء
آخر حنیف ملے گا، ’ی‘ یاداں وچہ ہور نہیوں
سی حرفی ۔۱۰
(ہک مصرعہ وچ دو حرف)
الف
اللہ نوں سور پیارے، ’ب‘ بس کر کوئی ہور نہیوں
ت
توبہ کر آخر مرنا، ’ث‘ ثابت وچ گور نہیوں
ج
جمع کر عمل دی پونجی، ’ح‘ حاصل کجھ ہور نہیوں
خ
خوف حنیف خدا دا کریے، ’ر‘ رحمت باہجھوں ٹھور نہیوں
د
دوا گناہاں والی، ’ذ‘ ذکر وچ ڈھیندی اے
ر
رحمت وی لا متناہی، ’ز‘ زوراور تھیندی اے
س
سوہنا رب کرم کماسی، ’ش‘ شاہی نت جیندی اے
ص
صدیق حنیف نہ جھورے، آخر سچ منیندی اے

ض
ضعیف ایمانوں ہوئے، ’ط‘ طریقے بھلے نی
ظ
ظرافت رہی نہ مولے، ’ع‘ عمل نال تلے نی
غ
غازی تے ہین مجاہد، ’ف‘ فکراں وچ رُلّے نی
ق
قولاں دے سچے جیہڑے، پاون...

لسان العرب کا تعارفی و تحقیقی مطالعہ

The dictionaries have played a vital role in understating and preserving any language. Arabic is a Semitic language; it has a large, deep and rich history. The Arabs have always tried to keep the Arabic language safe, but all these efforts were verbal, they did not have a tradition of writing in pre Islamic era. After the Islam they focused on writing and began the writing activities such as: exegesis of Quranic verses, Hadith and explanation of some difficult words used in Quranic verses. In the 2nd century, the first initial stage of Arabic dictionary writing began with the efforts of Al-Khalil, who is considered as a founder of Arabic dictionary writing. After that, language scholars created a great work in promotion of Arabic dictionary. Of these scholars Ibn Manzoor who sacrificed his life for the preserving Arabic language through his writing and research. And his valuable and great benefit book (Lisan-al-Arab) which is considered one of the most important source on said subject. In this Paper, we have presented an introductory and detailed study of his said book, So that Urdu readers can benefit from this scholarly investment.

Synthesis and Characterization of Doped and Undoped Metal Oxide Multilayer Thin Films

A variety of multilayer thin films, such as ZnO/TiO2 (ZT), ZnO, TiO2, 1% Cu doped TiO2 (Cu-TiO2), 2% (Cu-TiO2), ZnO/TiO2/ZnO (ZTZ) and TiO2/ZnO/TiO2 (TZT) are deposited by sol-gel technique. In this technique, colloidal particles are dispersed uniformly in a liquid form sol. A gel is a phase in which liquid and solids are dispersed together and form a solid network containing liquid component. The structure, morphology, electrical and optical properties of multilayer films are studied by X-ray Diffractrometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), four point probe technique and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, respectively. The properties of the N719 dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) of ZTZ and TZT based photoanodes are investigated by current- voltage measurements. XRD patterns of ZT multilayer thin films are confirmed by the presence of all the three phases of TiO2. The average grain size of 1, 3 and 5 stack layers of ZT films is 1.19, 1.22 and 2.56 nm, respectively. Multilayer ZnO films having hexagonal wurtzite structure with average grain size of 1, 3 and 5 layers is 7.96, 11.15 and 17.7 nm, respectively, according to XRD patterns. XRD patterns of TiO2 multilayer films having 1, 2, 3 and 4 stacked layers have shown the anatase phase only with average grain size of 1.06, 1.19, 7.29 and 7.69 nm respectively. Both 1% and 2% Cu doped TiO2 (3, 5 and 7) multilayer films have only the brookite phase of TiO2. The average grain size of 1% Cu doped TiO2 films having 3, 5 and 7 layers is 9.4, 12.9 and 14.4 nm respectively. Similarly, 3, 5 and 7 layers of 2% Cu doped TiO2 thin films have average grain size of 8.85, 14.1 and 14.8 nm respectively. XRD patterns of ZTZ and TZT films have shown anatase phase of TiO2 and cubic phase of ZnO. Average grain size of ZTZ and TZT films is 12.9 and 7.56 nm respectively.Morphology of the multilayer ZT films has shown cracks on the surfaces of 3 and 5 Layers films which may be due to heating and cooling rate of the film. ZnO multilayer films have uniformly distributed grains structures. Both 1% and 2% Cu doped TiO2 multilayer thin films have well defined nano particles with increasing size as the layers increases in SEM micrographs. Both ZTZ and TZT films have densed packed particles due to high viscosity of the sol. Four point probe technique has been used to measure electrical resistivity of films. In all multilayer films, average sheet resistivity is decreased by increasing the layers. The average sheet resistivity of 1, 3 and 5 layers of ZT films is 20.8´ 106,9.12´106 and 7.71´106 ohm-m respectively. The average sheet resistivity of 1, 3 and 5 layers of ZnO thin films is found to be 7.91´105, 5.65´104 and 1.43´104 ohm-m, respectively. For 1, 2, 3 and 4 layers of TiO2 films, the average sheet resistivity is 2.30´107, 1.96´107, 1.41´107, 1.14´107 ohm-m, respectively. The average sheet resistivity for 3, 5 and 7 layers of 1% Cu doped TiO2 films is 8×106, 6.5×106 and 1.0×106 ohm-m, respectively. The average sheet resistivity of 3, 5 and 7 layers of 2% Cu doped TiO2 films is found as “2.19 x 107, 1.20 x 107 and 1.11 x 107 ohm-m” respectively. The average sheet resistivity of ZTZ and TZT films is 9.35 x 104 and 5.44 x 105 ohm-m, respectively. Optical properties of films are measured by UV-Vis spectrometer. The band gap energy (Eg) of ZT having 1, 2 and 3 layers is 3.65 eV, 3.59 eV and 3.53 eV, respectively. The Eg of 1, 3 and 5 layers of ZnO thin films is 3.85, 3.81 and 3.72 eV, respectively. The calculated Eg for 1, 2, 3 and 4 layers of TiO2 thin films is 3.65, 3.60, 3.59 and 3.40 eV, respectively. The Eg of 3, 5 and 7 layers of 1% Cu doped TiO2 films is 3.813, 3.822 and 3.843 eV, respectively. The Eg of 3, 5 and 7 layers of 2% Cu doped TiO2 thin films is 3.778, 3.768 and 3.736 eV, respectively. The calculated Eg of ZTZ and TZT is 3.7 eV and 3.71 eV, respectively.“Due to very low sheet resistivity of ZTZ and TZT thin films as compared to other deposited multilayer films, dye sensitized solar cells of these films are prepared. After deposition, the films are annealed at 450 oC for 30 min and graphene coated FTO glasses are used as counter electrodes. “N719 ruthenium dye is used in these cells and all photovoltaic parameters like open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), conversion efficiency (η) and fill factor (FF) are calculated”. X-ray diffraction patterns have shown the presence of both ZnO and TiO2 particles in the films. Morphology of the photoanodes revealed the formation of nanoparticles in both the films; also it has shown that TZT film is more porous and consists of large particles as compared to ZTZ film. Due to this porosity, TZT film absorbed more dye as compared to ZTZ film shown in UV-Vis absorbance graph. The TZT cell has high JSC and VOC as compared to ZTZ cell, resulting high efficiency”.