Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a luscious and important tropical fruit crop. It belongs to the family Myrtaceae; is ever green and hardiest among all the tropical fruit trees and exceeds most other fruit crops in productivity and adaptability and is richest source of vitamin C. The research studies were carried out at Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agricultural, Faisalabad and the objectives to determine guava genetic diversity using morphological and DNA markers based approaches and to develop vegetative propagation system to avoid clonal degradation of guava. Tree parameters like growth habit, leaf shape, flowering, fruit and seed was recorded in two districts Faisalabad and Sheikhupura according to the plant descriptor. Ten plants from each accession of guava were selected for tree, leaf, fruit, flower and seed morphological analysis. Data was registered from 25 leaves/flowers/fruits/seed per accession. 15 to 20 young leaves per accession of guava were collected for DNA extraction following CTAB protocol. The extracted DNA was subjected to SSR analysis. For clonal propagation softwood cuttings from five year old trees were prepared from the tips of current season growth. IBA (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm) was used to treat cuttings for root induction. The data collected was subjected to different statistical software. During the survey 37 accessions of guava were collected from two major growing areas of district Faisalabad and Sheikhupura for phenotypic genetic variation analysis. Multivariate analysis principal component indicated high diversity for accessions Mota gola, Khata gola, Rough gola, Bangladeshi gola and Surahi in district Faisalabad and Mota gola, Larkana gola, Desi gola, Gola and Sadabahar gola were most diverse accessions in district Sheikhupura. The combined analysis of accessions of both districts indicated Mota gola (SKP), Mota gola (FSD) belonging two different orchards, Bangladeshi gola (FSD), Rough gola (FSD), Surahi (FSD), Moti surahi (SKP), Gola (SKP) and Gola (SKP) (belonging two different orchards) as most divergent accessions. Among tree parameters like, young shoot color, fully developed leaf shape of tips, fully developed leaf shape of base, fully developed leaf color, fully developed leaf curvature in cross section, thickness of outer flesh in relation to core diameter, fruit length, fruit width, fruit juiciness, fruit length of stalk, fruit length/width ratio, fruit relief of surface, fruit size of sepal, fruit sweetness, fruit diameter of calyx cavity in relation xvito that of fruit and fruit ridged collar around calyx cavity and seed size was the most diverse phenotypic markers for guava accessions identification. The phenotypic and genotypic based dendrograms grouped guava accessions into two main groups and many sub groups and sub groups. High diversity was found in all accessions especially Mota gola (SKP) was the most diverse phenotype among all accessions of both districts and Gola (SKP) had most diverse genotype on genetic basis. Sadabahar gola (SKP), Gola (SKP), Gola (FSD), Choti surahi (SKP) and Surahi (FSD) were found quite phenotypic diverse accessions in morphological analysis, and Bangladeshi gola (FSD), Lal gola (FSD), Larkana gola (FSD), Gola (SKP), Moti surahi (SKP) and Sadabahar gola (SKP) were quite genetically diverse accessions on the basis of genetic markers variation analysis. As for as clonal propagation is concerned highly significant results were obtained for all the parameters (number of rooted cuttings, sprouting % age, average number of roots per cuttings, average root length (cm) and survival % age) and all concentrations (0, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm) for rooting of softwood cuttings treated with IBA and NAA. Highly significant results were obtained with 4000 ppm IBA and 2000 ppm of NAA and IBA performed the best for rooting of softwood cuttings in comparison with NAA. This study revealed the great potential of morphological and genetic variation and clonal propagation technique in guava. However, a comprehensive and detailed inventory for documentation of all guava accessions, supported with gene banks and also an annexed crop catalogue needs to be carried out.
یہ اردو شاعری کا دوسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے۔ یہ جنوری 1935ء میں منظر عام پر آیا اس میں بانگ درا کے بعد کا اردو کلام شامل ہے۔ پہلی اشاعت میں اس کے دس ہزار نسخے شائع ہوئے تھے۔ اس میں شامل نظموں کی مقبولیت کسی سے پوشیدہ نہیں۔ نظم ”ذوق و شوق “اور” مسجد قرطبہ“ پر بہت سے مقالے اور تحقیقی تصانیف اس کتاب کی انفرادیت کا منہ بولتا ثبوت ہیں۔ اقبال نے دونوں گول میز کانفرنسوں، دوسری اور تیسری سے واپسی کے بعد سفر کے دوران جو اثرات قبول کیے ان کا اظہار مختلف نظموں میں ملتا ہے۔ وہ تمام نظمیں اس مجموعہ کلام کا حصہ ہیں۔ بال جبریل میں غزلیات بھی شامل ہیں۔ پہلے حصہ میں سولہ اور دوسرے حصہ میں اکسٹھ غزلیں شامل ہیں زیادہ حصہ نظموں کا ہے اور کچھ رباعیات بھی شامل ہیں۔ اس مجموعہ کلام کی مقبولیت بہت زیادہ ہے اور پروفیسر عبدالحق کے بہ قول اس کی آٹھ شرہیں بھی لکھی جا چکی ہیں۔ پہلے اس مجموعے کا نام ” نشان منزل“ طے کیا گیا تھا پھر بال جبریل کر دیا گیا۔ رفیع الدین ہاشمی کہتے ہیں۔ ”نئے اردو مجموعے کا نام نشان منزل تجویز ہوا اور مسودے کے سرورق پر بھی یہی نام لکھا گیا مگر بعد میں اقبال نے محسوس کیا کہ بال جبریل زیادہ موزوں ہےچنانچہ انہوں نے مسودے پر نشانِ منزل کو قلم زد کر کے بال جبریل کر دیا“ (29) اس تصنیف کی طویل نظموں میں خاص طور پر ایک انقلابی اسالیبی تبدیلی نظر سے گزرتی ہے۔ نظم کا ہر بند ایک علیحدہ مضمون لیے ہوئے ہے اور ہر مضمون غزل صفت ہے۔
The book of tafseer of Sahi Bukhari is most comprehensive book among the books of Hadith and on the basis of many features, it is considered superior to many other books of Hadith. Imam Bukhari annotates each surah one by one in his book of tafseer and constructs 114 chapters equal to the number of surah and these chapters carry 548 hadith of Zikr in which 465 are Mosool and remaining are mualaq and 100 hadith are not described before and remaining are repetitive. Imam Bukhari implements both style of description that is tafseer bil masaur and tafseer bil rai which proves the fact that Imam Bukhari supports the style of tafseer bil rai mehmood. Many Quranic information can be collected from book of tafseer for example: sabub nazool, makki & madni, ilmul qirat, ghareebul quran etc. The derivation of these features the book of tafseer of Sahi Bukhari is not the end but it is a starting point for new study.
The study presents the contribution of Central Asia Institute Higher Secondary School in promoting girls education beyond the elementary level in the case of Immit Ishkoman Gilgit Baltistan. Qualitative case study design was applied to obtain in-depth information through interviews as a primary and document analysis and focus group discussion as a secondary source. This study included six girl students who were direct beneficiaries of the CAI and find out the intervention strategies of the organization in terms of addressing the challenges of girl students in their studies. Whereas, the other key participants of the study were parents, teachers and Principal of the institution. The study found out the low economic condition of families, traditional values and parent’s low education, distance school and lack of higher secondary schools were the factors limited girls education in the area. The study that NGO helped to overcome these challenges through various interventions by constructing school building, provision of teachers, teacher training, supply of material and vocational training. Therefore, the study has found that these interventions have their own contributions in order to address the challenges of the girl students and their schooling. Therefore, based on the findings, improving the social, and economics condition of families should be the major task in order to promote girls education.