مولانا محمد اکبر ندوی
(پروفیسر مسعود حسن)
یہ خبر انتہائی افسوس کے ساتھی سنی جائے گی کہ مولانا محمد اکبر ندوی سابق ریڈر شعبہ عربی و فارسی کلکتہ یونیورسٹی ۱۵؍ رمضان المبارک ۱۴۰۰ھ کو صبح کے وقت ۳۰:۹ بجے اس دار فانی سے عالم جاودانی کو سدھارے۔ اناﷲ وَانا اِلیہ رَاجعُون۔ ان کی وفات سے مغربی بنگال میں عربی زبان کے ایک ممتاز ادیب ایک مستند عالم دین اور استادوں کے استاد کی جگہ خالی ہوگئی۔ راقم الحروف کے لیے ذاتی طور پر یہ حادثہ ایک بہت بڑا سانحہ ہے کیونکہ ان کی موت کے بعد اس کے اساتذہ میں اب کوئی زندہ نہیں رہا۔ اس کے مدرسہ، اسکول کالج اور یونیورسٹی کے استاد سب کے سب اﷲ کو پیارے ہوگئے۔ اس کی علمی رہنمائی کے لئے ایک آخری شمع رہ گئی تھی، موت نے اسے بھی چھین لیا۔
مولانا محمد اکبر ندوی کا وطن مالوف ناگپور تھا۔ مگر عرصہ سے ترک وطن کرکے کلکتے میں مقیم تھے۔ ان کی اعلیٰ تعلیم دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء میں ہوئی تھی، وہ مولانا مسعود عالم ندوی مرحوم کے ہم جماعت تھے، طالب علمی کے زمانے میں ان کی عربی خطابت اور عربی انشاء ندوہ میں مشہور تھی۔ فرماتے تھے کہ طلبہ کے ایک جلسے میں ان کی ایک عربی تقریر علامہ سید سلیمان ندویؒ کو اس قدر پسند آئی کہ انھوں نے جیب خاص سے انعام مرحمت فرمایا۔ عربی انشاء پردازی میں مسعود عالم صاحب سے ٹکر ہوتی تھی، ندوہ سے فراغت پاکر کلکتہ آگئے، اور اسلامیہ کالج سے بی۔ اے کیا۔ پھر کلکتہ یونیورسٹی سے عربی اور فارسی دونوں میں ایم اے کی ڈگری لی، اور ڈاکٹر محمد زبیر صدیقی مرحوم کے ارشد تلامذہ میں شمار ہونے لگے۔
مشرقی بنگال کے ایک بڑے کالج میں ایک بڑی اونچی جگہ ملی اور بڑی خوشامدیں ہوئیں، مگر اپنے استاد...
Maulānā Muḥammad Ismāʿīl al-Ūdwī al-Shikārpurī (1897-1970) was one of the very prominent scholarly personalities of Pakistan. His life and works are studied and analyzed in detail elsewhere. (See. IRJAH, Faculty of Arts, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Vol. 42, 2014 and Ma’arif Research Journal, Islamic Research Academy, Karachi, issue. 13, 2017). This paper mainly deals with al-Ūdwī’s theory of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. With regard to the theory of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān, classical scholars including al-Rummani, al-Khaṭṭābī, al-Baqillani, al-Rāzī significantly emphasize the linguistic nature of iʿjāz as an argument to support the doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. Al-Ūdwī on the other hand, after accepting the linguistic iʿjāz of the Qurʾān, proceeds to go further than his predecessors in supporting the doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān by emphasizing and situating iʿjāz in the content of the Qurʾān. Therefore, his book Nūr al-Īqān bi iʿjāz al-Qurʾān seems to be considerably different in its arguments from his predecessors’ theory. There is no exaggeration to say that al-Ūdwī has distinctly added several new arguments in his book, which, according to him, provide the certainty in the doctrine of iʿjāz, as he names his book as Nūr al-Īqān bi Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān, ‘Light of the faith through the inimitability of the Qurʾān.
Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) — a versatile literary genius and one of the most celebrated English novelists— has subtly combined the traditional heritage of the Victorian era with modern literary trends, linking the two centuries divided by conflicting schools of thought. Though having created memorable scenes, settings and unique places, his prime focus is on inner human sensibilities. Among humans, it is the fair sex which gets more share of his attention. His sensitive mind dwells on women and the issues faced by them due to their anatomical marginalization. Unlike his Victorian contemporaries who treated the mental and emotional complexities of women in accordance with the typical and Victorian perception of their nature and character, Hardy has made a difference by deviating significantly. The most instrumental form of this deviation is his anticipation of the ways in which women would be perceived and portrayed in the coming century epitomized by the term “Modernism”. My research capitalizes on the aforementioned point and contends that, despite being placed in an inevitably Victorian setting, Hardy’s major female characters are neither strictly the product of his age nor do they typically correspond to the standards and sensitivities of the same. They are rather more akin in feeling and thought to the revolting and emancipated females of the 20 th century modernistic tradition. Some of his female characters—particularly Eustacia, Bathsheba, Sue and Tess—think and behave in ways so shockingly queer for the Victorian readership that Hardy had to face tremendous iiicensorship for having created them as such. They, however, came to be better understood and appreciated during the second half of the 20 th century as they were found corresponding to the image of the New Woman or the role of women as redefined by Modernism. It was observed that they could be more variedly approached by the emerging standards of psychoanalytical theories rather than the stereotypical critical approaches generically applied to nineteenth century fictional characters. Their complex psychic constitution proves the fact that their actions are motivated by the co-existence of conflicting demands. They strive to achieve fulfillment in an environment which is not conducive for self-realization and emotional autonomy. On the one hand too defiant to surrender while on the other hand too fragile to succeed, they have to suffer multiple spiritual, emotional and psychological crises. Once in crisis, they find it impossible to escape, as all external agents seem to have conspired against them. Every other Tess somewhere shouts in desperation ''once victim, always victim'' or feels that ‘Bygones would never be complete bygones till she was a bygone herself’; and that holds true for every woman irrespective of temporal and spatial constraints. Hence, it has been argued that, notwithstanding the role of extraneous elements like Nature, Providence and society in facilitating the downfall of these rare individuals, the roots of their tragic dooms can be traced to the devastating inner conflict caused by their complex psyches with heterogeneous constituents. Their impulsive quest for self-realization directly clashes with their socially acceptable frames of behaviour, culminating in tragedies which may be ethically justifiable but which compel the readers to sympathize with the romantically sublime victims.