Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is the major threat to cotton crop and is transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Whitefly is also a major pest of cotton crop and significantly damages the crop worldwide. Whitefly bears endosymbionts which live inside gut of insect and endosymbionts produces some protein which may be essential for different metabolic processes. There are some primary endosymbionts which are present in almost all whitefly biotypes but the presence of secondary endosymbionts is dependent on its biotype, ecological distribution and some other unknown factors. These endosymbionts produce a protein GroEL which helps in transmission of cotton leaf curl disease which is a begomoviral disease. There may be co-localization of two or more than two secondary endosymbionts in the same whitefly. The presence of endosymbionts such as Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, Fritschea, Cardinium and Arsenophonus were tested in whiteflies collected from cotton growing areas of Pakistan and several combinations of endosymbionts were found. Similarly, GroEL gene was cloned and its relationship with already known GroEL was established. Two approaches were used here: these are the control of whitefly through RNAi technology and the expression of GroEL in transgenic plants to generate broad-spectrum resistance. Two RNAi target genes trehalase and trehalose transporter were selected on the basis of their involvement in important physiological pathways in whiteflies. The osmotic pressure of the phloem sap is about five times higher as compared to that in the insect gut. The difference in osmotic pressure forces the fluid to move from phloem into the insect’s gut where it also poses major challenge for the phloem feeders to normalize the pressure by degrading the sucrose content of the phloem sap. Trehalase is present in all tissues and is involved in trehalose transporter metabolism that is it hydrolyzes trehalose transporter into two glucose molecules. In insect trehalase is also found to play important role in functions like flight metabolism, chitin synthesis during molting and cold tolerance. Trehalose transporter is a non-reducing sugar also known as α- D-glucopyranosyl α – D glucopyranoside and is a disaccharide of glucose. Phenotypic manifestation of gene knockdown by dsRNA induced RNAi suggested lowered expression of target genes. Real time qPCR was xv performed in order to estimate transcript levels and the results from expression profiling of whiteflies treated with dsRNA to induce RNAi against the specific targets showed significant success in knocking down expression of the target genes. Bioassays conducted for the target genes showed high mortality rates for dsRNA treated whiteflies, suggesting that the gene knockdown could be an effective way for controlling insect pests like whiteflies. Since multiple begomoviruses and associated satellites are involved in CLCuD, approaches based on the concept of broad-spectrum resistance are essential for effective disease control. GroEL and G5 are two proteins from whitefly endosymbiont and M13 bacteriophage origin respectively. GroEL encapsulates the virus particle when it enters the whitefly and protects the virus from immune system of whitefly as well as prevents viral expression in it. This characteristic of GroEL can be exploited to get resistance against viruses if expressed in plants. G5 is a single stranded DNA binding protein, expression of which in transgenic plants will stop viral expression on its binding with ssDNA. Use of tissue specific promoter is more efficient than constitutive promoters. NSP of BBTV is phloem specific promoter using which, GroEL can be expressed only in phloem tissues, the site for viral entry. To attain broad spectrum resistance, pyramiding of both genes was done. Transgenics of Nicotiana benthamiana for GroEL under constitutive promoter, GroEL under phloem specific promoter, gene pyramid of GroEL and G5 both with their constitutive promoters and gene pyramid of GroEL and G5 in which GroEL under phloem specific and G5 under constitutive promoter were made. In comparison to non-transgenic plants, transgenic plants with double cassette of GroEL under NSP promoter and G5 under 35S promoter showed promising results when challenged against Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) along with Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB), Cotton leaf curl Khokhran virus (CLCuKoV) along with Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB) and Pedilenthus leaf curl virus (PedLCV) along with Tobacco leaf curl betasatellite (TbLCB). The data presented here shows that RNAi technology can be effectively used for controlling whiteflies while the expression of GroEL under phloem-specific promoter could be an effective way achieve broad-spectrum resistance.
منشی احترام علی کاکوروی افسوس ہے کہ منشی احترام علی صاحب کاکوروی نے ایک طویل علالت کے بعد انتقال کیا، وہ ایک نامور باپ منشی احتشام علی صاحب مرحوم رئیس کاکوروی کے فرزند اور خود بھی بڑی خوبیوں کے انسان تھے، دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء سے ان کو موروثی تعلق تھا، وہ اس کے معتمد مال تھے، ایک زمانہ میں لکھنؤ کے مقامی قومی کاموں میں بھی حصہ لیتے تھے، لیکن ادھر کچھ دونوں سے خانہ نشینی کی زندگی اختیار کرلی تھی لکھنؤ کا مسلم یونیورسٹی کنونشن ان ہی کی کوشش کا نتیجہ تھا، وہ پشتینی رئیس تھے، لیکن طبعاً نہایت متواضع، خلیق اور شرفائے اودھ کی تہذیب و شرافت کا نمونہ تھے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، فروری ۱۹۶۶ء)
Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism are among the major religions of Sub-continent. The present study highlights the fact that public welfare is preached by all of these religions. Giving alms for the sake of public welfare is an important part of various Hindu religious practices. The role of latest reformist movements is also worth mentioning along with the Hindu literature related with social well-being. Arya Samj movement did many activities for the welfare of people. The founder of Buddhism made efforts for the betterment of mankind and used his religion and teachings to propagate public welfare. Buddhism rejected the caste system and played an important and effective role to minimize the sufferings of affected community. In this regard Islam rises to the highest pedestal as the topic of Holy Quran is Man. It focuses not only on the worldly success of man but also his success in the hereafter. Islam has gone a step ahead than other religions as the activities of public welfare are considered worship in it. The rights of human beings are given great importance and they are given no less importance than rights of Allah. Moreover, the Holy Prophet (S. A. W) took noteworthy steps for the welfare of whole mankind without any discrimination and these are highlighted in this paper. Islam also gives lineaments of the methods and modes of public welfare and goes beyond the other Semitic and non-Semitic religions in this regard. This paper explores and highlights the measures taken by the mentioned religions in a comparative manner and also proves that Islamic concept of social welfare is not only limited to human beings but it also enfolds other living beings and even plants. Islam provides a complete road map of public welfare. Islamic society not only progresses financially but it also focuses on spiritual, ideological and social progress. The aim of social welfare cannot be achieved unless equilibrium is maintained between rights and duties. Islam not only stresses on the rights of the weak but also safeguards the rights of the rich.
Urdu dastan is one of the main genre of urdu prose.Dastan isfirst kind of story telling and writing in the history of urdu fiction which derived its tradition from Arabic and Persian literature i.e dastan Alaf Laila and dastan Ameer Hamza but it does not disconnect its relation from Hindustani roots(jatak kahanian, katha surt sagar, maha bharat etc) .The time period of 18th and 19th century in urdu prose is called the era of "Dastan".The concept of characterization in urdu prose dastans is very ì complicated and erratic.In these dastans we find subtle and highly developed type of characters with all their characteristics and nuances. This type of characterization and the technique of its use in dastan is so perfect and profound. These characters belongs to different kinds(ie Human beings, Animals, Birds, Supernatural etc),and are presented in an alien worldwhere time lacks any natural , everyday cyclicity. But in their actions and feelings they all are like human beings. In this thesis under consideration research carried out about a very important part of dastan. The investigatory and the critical analysis of the Important Supportive Characters of the prose dastans not only differ this opinion that these dastans have not any kind of characterization but also help to highlight the standard of characterization of that era which is usually neglected in urdu crticicism. In this thesis I tried my best to explore and analyse the Important Supportive Characters which were presented in urdu prose dastans and elaborated the concept of presentation of these characters. In this thesis all those dastans are included which are published, having XVI unity of plot and variety of characterization. All those dastans are avoided to include in which most of the material was borrowed from other dastans or which revolved around the same topic. In this thesis, standard of characterization in dastans, capabilities ofcharacterization and how it was differ from the characterization of modern fiction is discussed.Important Supportive Character of dastans are also examined and elaborated according to social, psychological and moral standardization of modern era. This thesis has been divided into five parts. Part one deals with the craft of characterization in urdu dastan(ie Introduction, main characters, qualification of important supportive chracter). Part two deals with the important supportive characters of the foremost and prominent prose dastans(period 1635 to 1800).Part threeconsists of critical analysis of important supportive characters of the prose dastans, published under the patronage of Fort William College. Part four, comprised of the important supportive characters of the prominent dastans, published during the same period but not under the patronage of the Fort William college and also published after the period of this college. Part five (Epilogue) consists on the collective evaluation and analysis of important supportive characters of these three periods. The objective of the research is to explore and highlight the important supportive characters of these dastans which took part in fascination and prolongation and are most necessary due to their actions, portray their importance and judge the standard of important supportive characters.