This dissertation presents solutions of general rate models (GRMs) of non-reactive and reactive liquid chromatography with a focus on evaluating the effect of finite rates for the adsorption and desorption steps, typically considered to be in equilibrium. Such slow rates of adsorption-desorption steps influence the column efficiency and elution shapes. The model equations are partial differential equations accounting for convection, dispersion, mass transfer resistances, and/or reaction kinetics coupled with algebraic and ordinary differential equations for describing adsorption-desorption on the stationary phase. Mostly in liquid chromatography operations, the injected sample is diluted or of small volume, justifying the use of linear models for process simulation. In this study, the Laplace trans formation is applied for deriving analytical solutions of the linear model equations. To get back solutions in the original time domain, numerical Laplace inversion formula is applied. Analytical solutions are further used for deriving the Laplace domain expressions of the first four temporal moments. In some applications, mixture samples are concentrated and have large volumes, necessitating the use of nonlinear models which are not solvable analyt ically. A high resolution finite volume scheme is applied for the numerical approximation of nonlinear GRM considering core-shell particles. Several test problems are considered to compute influences of the rate constants for adsorption and desorption, axial dispersion, intraparticle diffusion resistance, film mass transfer resistance, core-radius fraction and in let boundary conditions on the elution profiles. The developed analytical and numerical solutions are helpful tools to predict dynamic behaviors inside the column and to evalu ate the influence of model parameters on the elution profiles, in particular the effects of finite rates of the intrinsic adsorption and desorption steps. They provide useful tools for sensitivity analysis, process optimization and for parameters estimation from experiments.
Abstract: The article deals with the life and contribution ofNaseem Hijazi towards reconstruction ofIslamic thought through his historical novels in New Muslim generation. As a novel writer < Naseem Hijazi is regarded as one of thefinest writers of Urdu language especially in the later 20th century. Among his popular contemporaries were Ibn-e-Safh Saadat Hasan Manto< and Shqfiq-ur-Rehman< all having their particular line ofliterature. Naseem Hijazi is knownfor his potent and romantic description of history. There are only two writers prior to Hijazi who wrote history novels in Urdu: Abdul Haleem Sharar and Sadiq sardhunwi < but Hijazi’s writing is most credible in terms of historical description and accuracy. He exercised extra care to back his study of history by through research and to cite his sources whenever possible. Hijazi creates his powerful expression by blending this study of history with fairytale romanticism. The story usually revolves around characters who were related to< and shown present at the actual historical event that wishes tofocus on. Naseem Hijazi bases most ofhis work in Islamic history. In dealing with this history' he shows both the rise and fall of the Islamic Empire. This writer seems to have been inspired a lot by Allama Muhammad Iqbal's poetry. He tries, not very unlike Iqbal, to remind his readers of the lost glory of the Muslims and in a way inspire them to work with commitment to achieve lost glory in all walks of life. Naseem Hijazi has immensely influenced his readers both in and out of Pakistan. He has been one of the key sources of Islamist ideologies in Pakistan and worked as a key ideology and valour builder during the Soviet-Afghan War. Many Pakistani educated Youngsters throughout 1950s till today are believed to have been emotionally and ideologically inspired by his writings. He enjoys a very large reader base even after his death.
The aim of the study was to investigate whether organizational justice, job satisfaction and affective commitment are the important determinants of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in KP Police and to check whether the relationship of organizational justice and OCB is mediated in serial by job satisfaction and affective commitment. Multi stage cluster sampling technique which is a type of probability sampling was employed and eight police stations were finally selected and considered as clusters. Questionnaires were distributed among all the available 386 policemen working in these eight police stations. 300 dully filled questionnaires were received making an active response rate of 78%. SPSS and PROCESS softwares were used data. The results of the study confirm previous findings that organizational justice, job satisfaction and affective commitment are related to OCB however, the relationship between organizational justice and OCB is partially mediated by job satisfaction and affective commitment in serial.The study found KP Policemen highly dissatisfied with the extrinsic factors such as duty hours, and working conditions, etc. In order to promote OCB among KP Policemen, concrete steps shall be taken to improve working conditions and justice perceptions among KP Police.