مارک، ایڈورڈ ویسٹر
ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک کا انتقال
ایڈورڈ ویسٹر مارک نے جو ایک عرصہ تک لندن یونیورسٹی میں عمرانیات کا پروفیسر تھا، گزشتہ اکتوبر میں انتقال کیا، وہ ایک عمیق النظر فلسفی اور بین الاقوامی شہرت کا مالک تھا، اوائل زندگی میں اس کو خیال پیدا ہوا کہ اخلاقی خیالات اور مذہبی اعتقادات میں گہرا تعلق ہے، چنانچہ اس نقطہ نظر سے اس نے یورپ کے علاوہ دوسری قوموں کے روایات اور اعتقادات کا مطالعہ کرنا چاہا اور اس کے لئے مراکش کو منتخب کیا، اور وہاں جاکر چار سال تک مقیم رہا، یہاں اس نے نہ صرف انسانیاتی معلومات جمع کئے، بلکہ وہاں کے لوگوں طرز زندگی و غور و فکر سے بھی واقفیت حاصل کرکے ان کے رسم و رواج کو آسانی سے سمجھا جو تمدن کے مختلف دور میں پیدا ہوتے رہے، یہاں کی تحقیقات اس نے اپنی مشہور کتاب ’’اخلاقی تخیلات کی ابتدا اور نشوونما‘‘ (The origin and development of moral ideas) میں قلمبند کی جو دو جلدوں میں ۱۹۰۶ء اور ۱۹۰۸ء میں شائع ہوئی تھی، یہ کتاب بہت اہم اور بلند پایہ سمجھی جاتی ہے اور اخلاقیات پر ایک فلسفیانہ مقالہ یا اخلاقی خیالات کی تاریخ کہی جاسکتی ہے، اس کتاب کی خوبی یہ ہے کہ اس میں تحلیلی اور تاریخی تجزیوں میں امتزاج پیدا کرکے یہ دکھایا گیا ہے کہ اخلاقی پسندیدگی اور ناپسندیدگی کی ابتدا معاشرتی تکدر اور تشکر سے ہوتی ہے، ڈاکٹر ویسٹر مارک کی اور دوسری تصنیفات یہ ہیں، مراکش میں انسانی شادی، رسم اور اعتقاد کی تاریخ، (۲)اخلاقی اضافیت، (۳)عیسائی مذہب اور اخلاق۔
(’’ص ۔ ع‘‘، دسمبر ۱۹۳۹ء)
This study aims to compare the learning outcomes of physics taught using face-to-face learning models with online learning models at Islamic Senior High School 2 Palu City in the academic year of 2021/2022. In this study, the X1 variable consists of the face-to-face model, the X2 variable is the online learning model, and the Y variable consists of the results of learning Physics. This study used quantitative research with comparative analysis techniques. The subject of the research was students of X IPA 1 at Islamic Senior High School 2 Palu, which is totaling 25 students. Data collection was carried out using student learning outcomes tests, observation, and documentation. The method used for the analysis of hypothesis testing is the paired sample t-test. Descriptive, normality, and homogeneity tests were used for data analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in the learning outcomes of Physics subjects between face-to-face learning and the online learning model for class X IPA1 Islamic Senior High School 2 Palu in the academic year of 2021/2022. The results of the descriptive analysis calculation show that there is a difference between the Physics Learning Outcomes Taught Using the Face-to-Face Learning Model and the Online Learning Model in class X IPA1 in the academic year 2021/2022. This shows that the face-to-face learning model is more effective than the online learning model in physics subjects.
The world health organisation (WHO) reported that Pakistan ranks fifth among highest tuberculosis (TB) burden countries. The present study was carried out on 366 cases, including 52% females and 48% males. The results showed that a higher percentage of patients with TB were between 16 to 30 years, having a body weight between 41 to 50 kg, in married, in uneducated people, having a high school education and in house wives. Out of 258 patients, 24% were diabetic, 17.8% were co-morbid with hepatitis C virus (HCV), 4.2% with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 3.4% also had myocardial infarction. The TB patients revealed an increase in white blood cell counts (WBCs), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and urea, while decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), eosinophils and immunoglobulin-G (IgG). The TB+ diabetes co- morbid group showed increases in WBCs, ESR, globulins, alanine transaminase (ALT), ALP, glucose, IgG and immunoglobulin-M (IgM), while a decrease in PCV, haemoglobin (Hb), eosinophil, albumin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio. The TB+ hepatitis co-morbid group showed increases in monocyte, ESR, ALT, ALP and IgG, while a decrease in PCV, Hb and eosinophil. The TB+HIV co-morbid group revealed an increase in ALP, IgG and IgM, while a decrease in monocyte and eosinophil. TB+ myocardial infarcted group showed increase in WBCs, neutrophil, ESR, serum proteins, globulin, ALP, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), creatinine kinase-MB (CKMB), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine and urea, while decrease in platelets (PLT) and lymphocyte. TB + diabetes + hepatitis C co-morbid cases showed increase in WBCs, ESR, bilirubin, ALT, AST, ALP, glucose, serum creatinine, serum urea, IgG, IgM, potassium and phosphorous, while a decrease in RBCs, PCV, Hb and eosinophil. TB + hepatitis C+AIDS co-morbid group showed increases in lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, ALP, IgG and IgM, while a decrease in PCV, PLT and neutrophil. The prevalence of drug resistance by proportion method was 45.7%. Out of 118 drug resistant isolates, 61.02% were resistant to isoniazid (INH), 59.32% to ethambutol (EMB), 41.53% to streptomycin (SM), 5.08% to ofloxacin (OFX) and 49.15% were MDR detected by proportion method, while 31.36% isolates were resistant to INH, 22.03% to EMB, 17.08% to SM, 2.54% to OFX and 18.64% were MDR by PCR-RFLP. The consensus sequence alignment of three strains of KatG gene showed mutation at codon 282, 286, 279, 309 and 427. The change at codon 279 was observed in all the strains which added restriction site for MspI. The embB 306 showed mutation at codon 299, 300, while embB 497 at codon 70, 71, 76 and 78. The gyrA showed point mutation at codon 70, 71, 76, 78 and 95. It can be concluded from the present study that 24% TB patients were diabetic, 17.8% were co-morbid with hepatitis C, 4.2% with HIV and 3.4% also had myocardial infarction and 45.7% of cases were drug resistant.