مولانا احسان اﷲ خاں تاجورؔ نجیب آبادی
مولانا احسان اﷲ خاں تاجورؔ ۱۸۹۳ء میں نجیب آبادضلع بجنور میں پیدا ہوئے، روہیلہ افغانوں کے خاندان سے تعلق رکھتے تھے۔ابتدائی تعلیم وطن میں ہوئی پھر دارالعلوم دیوبند میں داخل ہوکر اسلامی علوم وفنون کی تکمیل کی۔ شعروشاعری اورلکھنے کاذوق فطری تھا چنانچہ زمانہ طالب علمی میں بھی دارالعلوم دیوبند کے بلندپایہ علمی اوردینی رسالوں ’’القاسم‘‘ دوراوّل اور ’’الرشید‘‘میں ان کے مقالات نکلتے تھے۔ یہاں سے فارغ ہوکر وہ لاہور پہنچے اورسرعبدالقادر مرحوم ایسے مربی اورمشفق کے فیض صحبت وتوجہ نے ان کوایسا چمکایا کہ وہ جلدہی نہ صرف لاہور بلکہ شمالی ہندوستان کی علمی اورادبی محفلوں کی رونق وزینت بن گئے۔ وہ اردو کے بلند پایہ شاعر اور زبان کے ماہر و نقاد اور نامور ادیب کی حیثیت سے پنجاب کے اساتذۂ فن کی صف میں ایک نمایاں جگہ کے مالک ہوگئے۔ سینکڑوں نوجوان ان کے فیض صحبت وتعلیم سے اردو کے نامور ادیب وشاعر ہوئے۔ وہ زندہ دلان پنجاب کے ادبی اکھاڑہ میں ایک پہلوان کی حیثیت سے رہتے تھے۔
وہ جس طرح دوستوں کے ساتھ انتہائی خلیق وملنسار اورہمدرد تھے اسی طرح مخالفوں کو دنداں شکن جواب دینے میں بھی یدطولیٰ رکھتے تھے۔لاہور میں رہ کر انھوں نے دولت بھی پیداکی اورشہرت وناموری بھی حاصل کی۔ لیکن دیوبند میں چند سالہ قیام نے ان کے دل ودماغ پرایسے گہرے نقوش ثبت کردیے تھے کہ وہ نام کے ساتھ’’فاضل دیوبند‘‘بڑے فخر کے ساتھ لکھتے تھے اوردیوبند کے حضرات اکابر تواکابر معمولی منتسبینِ دارالعلوم پربھی جان چھڑکتے اوران سے والہانہ محبت کرتے تھے۔ اگرچہ تصنیف وتالیف کے ذریعہ کوئی بڑا ذخیرہ انھوں نے یادگار نہیں چھوڑا ہے، تاہم’’انجمن ارباب علم پنجاب‘‘،’’اُردومرکز‘‘ایسے ادارے قائم کرکے اور’’ادبی دنیا‘‘اور’’شاہکار‘‘وغیرہ بلند پایہ رسالے نکال کر اور نوجوانوں میں صحیح اورشگفتہ ادبی وشعری ذوق پیداکرکے انھوں نے اردوزبان وادب کی جواہم خدمات انجام دی...
Over the course of time and with the rapid increase in human population need for mutual relations become crucial. Resultantly on behalf of this closeness, separation, anti-standpoints and comparisons also emerged. As the time passed by hatred and hypocrisy and other social vices spread on large scale. Thus human society was waiting for such liberator who may lead and work for the betterment of this society. With the dawn of Islamic civilization all such issues were not only resolved but also provided with a model for containing the difference of opinion and multiple traditions under its unique worldview. Islamic History presents itself as a model where the minorities were provided with the opportunities of participating in political, social, educational and collective affairs. Thus in a society where tyranny, injustice, un-forbearance, religious intensity, terrorism and the activities of violating the human rights were very common, were substituted by the Islamic ideal of forbearance. It is argued here that the solution of all these issues was only in religion contrary to what is being claimed about an idea of social harmony where religion is not given its due position. Today its our dire need to develop a sense of harmony, modesty, affection and peacefulness among the masses of various religions of Pakistani society. It is further argued that for this very noble cause all the religious scholars and their followers can come forward playing their pertinent role.
Sustained exposure of humans to a substantial concentration of indoor radon is a cause of lung cancer. Radon and its progenies are the main contributors of radiation exposure to humans from natural sources. Therefore, indoor radon measurements play a vital role in monitoring human health and safety in dwellings and workplaces. In this regard, systematic measurements were carried out in homes, schools and workplaces. As radon isotopes are produced by the radioactive decay of radium, and radium generated from uranium or thorium decay. Hence, besides measuring indoor radon, natural radioactivity in soil was also measured. Radon exhalation rate of building materials have been measured and compared with the published data. The studies were carried out in four districts of the Punjab province (namely, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Attock and Chakwal), Islamabad Capital Territory and four districts of the Azad Kashmir using CR-39 based radon detectors. Radon concentration measurements were performed in four districts of the Punjab province in drawing rooms, bedrooms and kitchens throughout the year in four cycles to cover all the seasons. In Islamabad Capital Territory, the measurements were carried out in dwellings situated in the basements, on ground floor and first floor. Indoor radon concentrations in dwellings are found to vary from 15 ± 4 Bq m-3 to 176 ± 7 Bq m-3. The measured maximum indoor radon levels in workplaces are found to be 165 ± 8, 194 ± 11 and 293 ± 19 Bq m-3 in first floor, ground floor and basements, respectively. The studies regarding measurement of seasonal variation of indoor radon levels and calculation of the seasonal correction factors for four districts of the Azad Kashmir, Pakistan are performed. From the measured indoor radon concentrations, weighted average for living rooms and bedrooms is calculated. Measured indoor radon concentration levels in Azad Kashmir vary from 23 ± 9 to 398 ± 2 Bq m-3. Information regarding the indoor occupancy time was also gathered through interviewing the dwellers and workers during the installation and collection of the dosimeters. Based on these interviews, an average occupancy factor of 0.5 for dwellings and 0.3 for workplaces was estimated. From the measured indoor radon concentrations, seasonal correction factors were calculated. Correlations of radon activity concentrations in different seasons for different dwellings have also been included in this study. The mean annual effective dose received by the residents of the studied area found to be 0.87 ± 0.49 mSv in dwellings for four districts of Punjab province and 2.52 ± 1.20 mSv for Azad Kashmir. Assessment of lung cancer risk using measured indoor radon levels have been calculated using UNSCEAR, US-EPA risk factors and local occupancy factor. The estimated maximum risk for indoor radon induced excess lung cancer deaths is found to be 172 ± 73 in four districts of Punjab province and 174 ± 47 in Azad Kashmir. All the estimated effective doses are found to be less than the lower limit of the ICRP recommended action levels (3-10 mSv y-1). Naturally occurring and fallout radioactive elements in soil samples which were collected from four districts of Punjab province and Islamabad Capital Territory were measured. Radium equivalent activity, indoor and outdoor annual effective dose equivalent, dose rate, internal and external hazard indices are calculated from the measured activity. The mean radium equivalent activity, dose rate and indoor annual effective dose equivalent found to be 178.36 ± 11.93 Bq Kg-1, 84.63 ± 5.27 nGy h-1 and 0.42 ± 0.03 mSv respectively. The results obtained are within the recommended safety limits.