حدود کی تعداد
جرائم حدود کی تعداد کے سلسلے میں اہل علم میں اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے۔ ابن حجر عسقلانی کے نزدیک
" جَمْعُ حَدٍّ وَالْمَذْكُورُ فِيهِ هُنَا حَدُّ الزِّنَا وَالْخَمْرِ وَالسَّرِقَةِ وَقَدْ حَصَرَ بَعْضُ الْعُلَمَاءِ مَا قِيلَ بِوُجُوبِ الْحَدِّ بِهِ فِي سَبْعَةَ عَشَرَ شَيْئًا فَمِنَ الْمُتَّفَقِ عَلَيْهِ الرِّدَّةُ وَالْحِرَابَةُ مَا لَمْ يَتُبْ قَبْلَ الْقُدْرَةِ وَالزِّنَا وَالْقَذْفُ بِهِ وَشُرْبُ الْخَمْرِ سَوَاءٌ أَسَكِرَ أَمْ لَا وَالسَّرِقَةُ وَمِنَ الْمُخْتَلَفِ فِيهِ جَحْدُ الْعَارِيَةِ وَشُرْبُ مَا يُسْكِرُ كَثِيرُهُ مِنْ غَيْرِ الْخَمْرِ وَالْقَذْفُ بِغَيْرِ الزِّنَا وَالتَّعْرِيضُ بِالْقَذْفِ وَاللِّوَاطُ وَلَوْ بِمَنْ يَحِلُّ لَهُ نِكَاحُهَا وَإِتْيَانُ الْبَهِيمَةِ وَالسِّحَاقُ وَتَمْكِينُ الْمَرْأَةِ الْقِرْدَ وَغَيْرَهُ مِنَ الدَّوَابِّ مِنْ وَطْئِهَا وَالسِّحْرُ وَترك الصَّلَاة تكاسلا وَالْفطر فِي رَمَضَان وَهَذَا كُلُّهُ خَارِجٌ عَمَّا تُشْرَعُ فِيهِ الْمُقَاتَلَةُ كَمَا لَوْ تَرَكَ قَوْمٌ الزَّكَاةَ وَنَصَبُوا لِذَلِكَ الْحَرْبَ "64
"ابن حجر عسقلانی نے سترہ جرائم کو حدود میں شامل کیا ہے اور گیارہ جرائم کے متعلق اتفاق ظاہر کیا ہے کہ یہ حدود میں شامل ہیں جو کہ مند رجہ ذیل ہیں ۔ زنا ، قذف ، سرقہ ، بغاوت، شراب نوشی، ارتداد ، حرابہ، ترک صلوٰۃ ، ترک صوم، سحر اور وطی بہائم۔ "
علامہ کاسانی ؒکے مطابق حدود کی تعداد پانچ ہے، جو کہ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
"الْحُدُودُ خَمْسَةُ أَنْوَاعٍ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِ وَحَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ الشُّرْبِ وَحَدُّ السُّكْرِ وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِ۔ "65
ابن قدامہ ؒ حدود کی تعداد سات کا ذکر کرتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں
"الْحُدُودُ سبعۃأَنْوَاعٍ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِ وَحَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ الشُّرْبِ وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِوَحَدُّ الحرابۃ وحد الردۃ وحد بغی۔ "66
عبدالقادر عودہ شہید ؒکے بقول حدود کی تعداد سات ہے ، جو کہ یہ ہیں:
"جرائم الحدود معینۃ ومحددۃ العدد وھی سبع جرائم حَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ السُّكْرِ وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِوَحَدُّ الحرابۃ وحد ارتداد وحد بغی "67
جسٹس تنزیل الرحمن کے مطابق حدود اللہ کی تعداد چھ ہے
"حَدُّ الزِّنَا وَحَدُّ الْقَذْفِ وَحَدُّ الشُّرْبِ حَدُّ السَّرِقَةِ وَحَدُّ الحرابۃوحد الردۃ۔...
Background: Harassment of working women is a common social and human rights problem and healthcare settings are no exception. This unacceptable situation has many avoidable determinants that need preventive measures to ensure, safe and secure working environment for nurses. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and understanding among female nursing students and nursing staff about workplace harassment in a tertiary healthcare facility. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at Tertiary care hospital Lahore from July to September 2018. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect data. Verbal informed consent of voluntary participants was taken. Anonymity and confidentiality was assured. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. The participants (n=80) comprised of senior female nurses students (62.5%) and senior nursing staff (37.5%), aged 18 to 46 years. Results: Awareness about common harassment forms was adequate (81.3%). Adverse effects included mental health problems (83.8%) and low self-esteem (72.5%). A large percentage of nurses (62.5%) intended to report such personal incident to institutional head and 72.5% were willing to accompany victims for such reporting. 77.5% desired arranging informative sessions and holding counseling for victims (78.8%) at workplace. Only 22.5% had vague idea about official protective legal frameworks. Conclusions: Workplace harassment of female workers is quite prevalent but under-reported phenomena in Pakistan. All organizations and institutions must have a harassment policy to protect the females.
The present study was designed to remove five different direct dyes (Direct Violet 51, Indosol Turquoise FBL, Indosol Black NF, Indosol Yellow BG and Indosol Orange RSN) from aqueous solutions by using agro-industrial waste materials (sugarcane bagasse, peanut husk, corn cobs, cotton sticks and sunflower) in batch and column mode. The batch mode study was performed to compare the biosorption potential of native, pretreated and immobilized forms of biosorbents for the removal of direct dyes. Important process parameters like pH, contact time, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature were optimized during batch experiments. The results revealed that low pH, low biosorbent dose and low temperature were the feasible conditions for maximum removal of dyes. The pretreated form of biosorbents depicted highest biosorption capacity (39.6 mg/g for Direct Violet 51, 65.09 mg/g for Indosol Turquoise FBL, 89.6 mg/g for Indosol Black NF, 79.5 mg/g for Indosol Yellow BG and 79.7 mg/g for Indosol Orange RSN) as compare to native and immobilized form of biosorbents. The experimental data of all the five dyes was subjected to different kinetic models and pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be best fit on the experimental results. Different equilibrium isotherms were applied on the data to explain the mechanism of biosorption and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted very well on the experimental results for all the dyes. Thermodynamic study showed that biosorption process was feasible at lower temperatures as indicated by lower values of ∆G. The negative values of ∆H indicated that biosorption process was exothermic in nature. The column mode experiments were conducted to optimize the bed height, flow rate and initial dye concentration. Higher bed heights, lower flow rates and higher initial dye concentrations were found to be favorable conditions for maximum dye removal in column mode study. Box-Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the main and interaction effects of three important parameters like initial dye concentration, biosorbent dose and pH on the removal of direct dyes and results were analyzed by ANOVA and p-values. The biosorption process was also applied on the real textile effluents for the efficient removal of COD. Characterization of biosorbents was carried out by FT-IR and SEM analysis. The results revealed that agricultural waste materials have high biosorption capacities for the removal of dyes from wastewaters.