پروفیسر سید عبدالرحیم
پروفیسر سید عبدالرحیم کچھ دنوں سے کینسر کے موذی مرض میں مبتلا ہوگئے تھے بالآخر ۱۶؍ فروری ۲۰۰۵ء کو ناگ پور میں اپنے مالک حقیقی سے جاملے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
مرحوم کا آبائی وطن ایلچ پور تھا، لیکن وہ اپنے نانہال ’’بھی گاؤں‘‘ ضلع امراوتی میں ۱۴؍ اپریل ۱۹۳۲ء کو پیدا ہوئے، ایلچ پور میں ابتدائی تعلیم حاصل کی اور وہیں کے رحمانیہ اردو ہائی اسکول سے میٹرک کا امتحان پاس کیا، ۱۹۵۴ء میں ناگ پور یونیورسٹی سے بی اے اور ۱۹۵۶ء میں فارسی میں ایم اے کیا، ۱۹۴۶ء میں اردو میں ایم اے کیا اور کلکتہ یونیورسٹی سے عربی میں ایم اے کیا، ۱۹۷۷ء میں ’’ارادت خاں‘‘ پر تحقیقی مقالہ لکھ کر ناگ پور یونیورسٹی سے پی ایچ ڈی کی ڈگری لی۔
کچھ عرصے تک انجمن ہائی اسکول کھام گاؤں میں درس کی خدمت انجام دی پھر محکمہ آثار قدیمہ سے وابستہ ہوئے جس کے ڈایرکٹر ڈاکٹر ضیاء الدین احمد ڈیسائی مرحوم تھے، ان کی رہنمائی میں ان کو بھی تحقیق اور تلاش و جستجو کا چسکا لگا اور کتابت و مخطوطات شناسی سے دلچسپی پیدا ہوئی۔
عبدالرحیم صاحب ۱۹۶۸ء میں وسنت راؤ نایک انسٹی ٹیوٹ آف آرٹس اینڈ سوشل سائنسز میں اردو فارسی اور عربی کے لیکچرر مقرر ہوئے اور ۱۹۷۷ء میں پروفیسر کے عہدے پر فایز ہوئے، ۱۹۸۸ء میں کالج کوانسٹی ٹیوٹ کا درجہ دیا گیا تو یہ ڈایرکٹر مقرر کیے گئے اور ۱۹۹۲ء میں اسی عہدے سے سبک دوش ہوئے۔
ڈاکٹر صاحب مہاراشٹر اور گجرات کی مختلف علمی، تعلیمی، ادبی اور ثقافتی سرگرمیوں سے وابستہ تھے اور کئی اداروں اور اکیڈمیوں کے ممبر اور بعض کے چیرمین بھی رہے، ان کی نگرانی میں متعدد لوگوں نے علمی و تحقیقی کام انجام دیے اور پی ایچ ڈی کی ڈگری بھی حاصل کی، ان کا ایک بڑا...
The freedom of thought and expression has acquired a diversity of meanings and limitations determined by the evolving socio-historical contexts of various civilizations through the history. This piece of research briefly investigates the history of evolution of this concept in Islamic and Western intellectual circles and then intends to focus upon the elaboration of this idea by Imam Badi-uz-Zaman An-Naurasi. Iman Naurasi supports the human right of thinking and expressing ideas freely but at the same time recognizes the need of divine intervention in delimiting its boundaries. Humans, if left entirely unrestricted to make their choices in life, would only bring about disastrous results and thus lead to cessation of a collaborative social life. Therefore, Imam proposes that humanity should abide by some universal principles and high moral values inspired by the divine revelation so that the society could collectively ensure the pursuit of human progress and well-being. Imam proves his point through the instances from the Islamic history that divinely guided freedom of thought and expression provided the world with a vivid model of life which provided people the rights of choosing everything in their life ranging from faith to marital and economic decisions.
Water and nitrogen (N) are the most important limiting inputs of maize (Zea mays L.) production in semi-arid environment. Irrigation regimes, N application timing and rate significantly influence maize growth and yield. To study effects of the nutrients in semiarid environment, two experiments were conducted. The crop was sown on August 1, 2009 and August 2, 2010 at the Agronomic Farm of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. The Cropping System Model (CSM) CERES-Maize was used to predict crop growth and yield under semi-arid environment. In Experiment-I, effects of times of N application were studied with five N levels (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha-1). In Experiment-II, effects of three irrigation regimes (normal, water deficit at vegetative and water deficit at reproductive stage) were studied with the five N levels. The times and rates of N significantly affected grain yield and the yield components. Effect of N was linear, quadratic and cubic. Results revealed that application of N at the rate of 250 kg ha-1 in three splits (at 2 leaves, 16 leaves and silking stages) produced the highest grain yield (8.38 t ha-1). At these levels maximum values of leaf area index (LAI), photosynthesis and all others yield components were achieved. In contrary, crop growth rate and biological yield increased up to 300 kg N ha-1. However, the biological yield at 300 kg N ha-1 was statistically similar with 250 kg N ha-1. The crop was more sensitive to water deficit at reproductive stage than at vegetative stage. Water deficit at vegetative stage reduced grain yield 14% while of grain yield was decreased 22% when crop faced water deficit at reproductive stage. The CSM-CERES-Maize application predicted crop growth and yield well. So, the model can be used as a research tool in semi-arid zone of Pakistan. The model predicted phenology of crop well with less MPD and RMSE. The model predicted grain yield very closely to that observed; RMSE ranged from 656 to 1586 kg ha-1 among all treatments. In nutrient stress treatments, time course simulations of the model for LAI were satisfactory in both experiments. Prediction of the model was excellent in treatments which had adequate nutrients supply. The value of d-statistics ranged from 0.56 to 0.99 for LAI. The model predicted TDM very close to the observed values having low RMSE with 0.97 to 0.99 d-statistics. The application of 250 kg N ha-1 in three splits i.e., 1/3rd N at V2, 1/3rd N at V16, and 1/3rd N at R1 stages with supplemental irrigation of 530 mm ha-1 is the best management practice for semi-arid environment.